The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution
2
Traditional Farming Methods

1. List all of the MACHINES in the picture.
2. How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?
3. What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?
4. Using the picture, write a sentence describing
   life before industrialization.

3
Farming in the Middle Ages

• Villages feed themselves ( subsistence farming)
• One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain
  fertility
• Animals grazed in common pastures
• Disadvantages
• Land use is inefficient
• Farmers did not experiment with new farming
  methods

4
A Medieval Village Video
5
I. The Agricultural Revolution

• Improvements in farming methods in the 1700s
  boost crop yields and lead to enclosed lands
• Scientific Farming keeping records of out put
• Jethro Tull seed drill 1721
• Charles Townshend Crop rotation
• Robert Bakewell Livestock breeding.

6
Enclosure Movement

• Wealthy landowners fenced in pastures began
  experimenting with new farming techniques
• Villages lost common lands and political power
• Peasants became poorer

7
Make a Prediction

• Q. What will be the cause and effect of the
  technological advances in agriculture?
• More Food nutrition, healthier, population
  increases.
• Work done by machines less of a need for farmers.
• Many small farmers lose their land, move to the
  city and become workers.

8
II. Ideal Conditions for Britain

1. Factors of Production- Land, Labor, and Capital
2. Natural Resources water, coal and iron.
3. Geography many harbors, 6000 merchant ships.
4. Science and Technology
5. Banking loans and investment
6. Political Stability free from Napoleonic Wars

9
III. The Product

• Britain leads the way
• Raw Wool
• Linen
• Cotton High demand but too expensive.

10
IV. The Inventions and Inventors

• John Kay The Flying Shuttle
• Weaver can work twice as fast.

11
B. James Hargreaves

• The Spinning Jenny
• 6 8 threads at one time.

12
C. Richard Arkwright

• The Waterframe 1769
• Needed fast flowing streams to drive spinning
  wheels

13
D. Samuel Crompton

• Spinning Jenny the water frame Spinning Mule
• Bulky and expensive.
• Set up in large buildings Factories.

14
F. Eli Whitney

• Cotton Gin
• Makes slavery profitable
• 1791 9000 bales produced.
• 1831 987,000 bales produced.
• Video

15
Questions?

• What are the benefits so far in the new machines?
• How are they powered?
• How is this a limitation?
• How would you improve them?

16
Mining

• British Coal production increasing in 1700s
• Problem dig deep and hit water
• Solution Newcomen Steam engine drove pump
• James Watt (1736-1819) found ways to dramatically
  increase efficiency of steam power
• Steam power perfect for running jennies and looms
• A solution to problem in weaving was found in
  technical innovation developed for mining

A Newcomen Pump
17
G. James Watt

• 1765 efficient steam engine.
• Teams up with Mathew Bolton
• Entrepreneurs organizes, manages and takes risks
  in business.
• Video

18
Effects of the Steam Engine

• Steam power, used where coal exists, increased
  textile production
• Improved mining
• Increased mining of metals, which fueled other
  industries

19
Need for Iron Coal

• Iron needed for farming tools, new factory
  machines, railways
• Smelting makes iron more pure, requires carbon

• Carbon, from coal, needed to smelt iron
• Steam engines powered by coal
• Video

20
Effects of Iron Coal

• Britain produced more iron than all other
  countries of the world combined
• Coal powered Britains enormous Navy
• The Sun Never Sets on The British Empire.
• Video

21
British EmpireAt its peak controlled one sixth
of humanity
22
Interchangeable Parts

• Interchangeable Parts All parts are made to an
  exact standard so they may be interchanged. If
  one part breaks no problem!!

23
Other Inventors/Inventions

• Orville Wilbur Wright- airplane
• Elias Howe- sewing machine
• Louis Daguerre- photography

• Henry Bessemer- purified steel
• Alfred Nobel- dynamite
• Alessandro Volta- battery
• Michael Faraday- electric motor
• Thomas Edison- light bulb

24
Still More Inventions Inventors

• Nikolas Otto- gasoline powered combustion engine
• Karl Benz- automobile
• Henry Ford- 1st auto in U.S.A.
• Samuel Morse- telegraph

• Alexander Graham Bell- telephone
• Giglielmo Marconi- radio
• Inventions too numerous to mention all of them

25
V. Transportation

• Railroads
• 1804 Richard Trevithick first steam locomotive.
• George Stephenson the rocket 25m.p.h. Liverpool
  Manchester Railway
• Video

26
A. Railroads

• 3. Effects
• Encouraged industrial growth
• New jobs
• Boost to agriculture
• Travel to countryside.

27
The Impact of the Railroad
28
(No Transcript)
29

• Society During the Industrial Revolution
• A. Urbanization-The movement of people from the
  country to the city.
• European cities of 100,000 inhabitants rose from
  22 to 44
• B. Social Classes during the Industrial
  Revolution
• Upper class elite, 5(owned most of the
  countrys wealth)
• Middle classes, 15 (women worked at home raising
  kids)
• Lower classes, 80 (lived mostly in tenement
  housing-tightly packed apartment like housing)

30
Why Flock to the City?

1. Country Life is harsh.
2. Regular wages
3. The weather is not a factor.
4. Country Work
5. Dawn to dusk
6. Family Work unit.
7. City Work
8. Work by whistle
9. 14 hours a day/six days a week.
10. Same work no changes
11. Factories badly lit and dirty.
12. Coal mines Damp, dark, breath coal dust.

31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
Capitalism/Laissez-faire

• Capitalismsystem of privately owned businesses
  seeking profits
• Laissez faireeconomic policy of not interfering
  with businesses
• Job of the government is to protect your rights,
  not interfere with business
• Adam Smithdefender of free markets, author of
  The Wealth of Nations
• Believes economic liberty guarantees economic
  progress
• Economic natural lawsself-interest, competition,
  supply and demand

34
Five Elements of Capitalism

• Private Ownership
• Equal opportunity for citizens to own business
• Free Enterprise
• Freedom to produce and consume
• Supply and Demand
• Inversely proportional High supply low demand
  low Price
• Competition
• Needed to secure highest quality
• good at reasonable price
• Profit Motive
• Individuals make the money

35
What were the negative effects of Capitalism?
36
I. Changing the way of Life

• Poor City Dweller
• Lacked adequate housing
• Filthy
• Overcrowded slums
• Unsafe conditions
• Video

37
Urban Living Conditions

• Factory owners rushed to build housing
• Back to back row houses
• Several people in very small spaces
• Poor sanitation
• High disease rates
• Crime
• Massive pollution

38
Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY GENTRY TRADESPEOPLE LABORERS
Rutland 52 41 38
Truro 40 33 28
Derby 49 38 21
Manchester 38 20 17
Bethnal Green 45 26 16
Liverpool 35 22 15
Rutland agricultural area in central England
Truro tin mining center
39
Social Consequences Cont.

• Living Working Conditions
• Drab blackened w/ soot
• Housing packed in short supply
• Lived in 1 rooms life poor
• 1000s children running around w/ no last name
• Treatment of Workers
• Jobs only for unskilled workers
• Low wages-too low to support families
• Worked long hrs up to 14/day
• Jobs tedious oppressive
• Few Holidays
• Unemployment greatest fear layoffs often
• Workers not organized-couldnt improve selves
• Had to bargain individually employers no
  sympathy (competing w/ other industries)

40

• Working Conditions
• Long Hours- Most factory workers labored between
  12-16 hours a day, 6 to 7 days a week.
• Unsafe Conditions-Miners worked in unsafe
  conditions in which death and injury were
  commonplace.
• Child Labor-Although a necessity for some
  families, eventually child labor was limited to
  12 hours a day in England. Children were beaten
  if they didnt work hard enough.
• Video

41
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
42
D. Children

• Begin work as young as Six.
• 14 16 hour days.
• Pay was less than 25 cents a week.

43
(No Transcript)
44
1. Scavengers

• Picked up lint on the floor under the machines.

45
David Rowland testimony before the House of
Commons Committee on 10th July, 1832.

• Question At what age did you commence working in
  a cotton mill?
• Answer Just when I had turned six.
• Question What employment had you in a mill in
  the first instance?
• Answer That of a scavenger.

46
David Rowland testimony before the House of
Commons Committee on 10th July, 1832.

• Question Will you explain the nature of the work
  that a scavenger has to do?
• Answer The scavenger has to take the brush and
  sweep under the wheels, and to be under the
  direction of the spinners and the piecers
  generally. I frequently had to be under the
  wheels, and in consequence of the perpetual
  motion of the machinery, I was liable to
  accidents constantly. I was very frequently
  obliged to lie flat, to avoid being run over or
  caught.

47
2. Piecers

• Reuniting broken threads from the machines

48
William Dodds Testimony

• At the age of six I became a piecer. The
  continual friction of the hand in rubbing the
  piecing upon the coarse wrapper wears off the
  skin, and causes the finger to bleed. The
  position in which the piecer stands to his work
  is in a sliding direction, constantly keeping
  his right side towards the frame. In this
  position he continues during the day, with his
  hands, feet, and eyes constantly in motion. It
  will be easily seen, that the chief weight of his
  body rests upon his right knee, which is almost
  always the first joint to give way.

49
William Dodds Testimony

• I have frequently worked at the frame till I
  could scarcely get home, and in this state have
  been stopped by people in the streets who noticed
  me shuffling along, and advised me to work no
  more in the factories but I was not my own
  master. During the day, I frequently counted the
  clock, and calculated how many hours I had still
  to remain at work my evenings were spent in
  preparing for the following day - in rubbing my
  knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists with oil, etc.
  I went to bed, to cry myself to sleep, and pray
  that the Lord would take me to himself before
  morning.

50
Robert Blincoes Testimony

• The blacksmith had the task of riveting irons
  upon any of the apprentices, whom the master
  ordered. These irons were very much like the
  irons usually put upon felons. Even young women,
  if they suspected of intending to run away, had
  irons riveted on their ankles, and reaching by
  long links and rings up to the hips, and in these
  they were compelled to walk to and fro from the
  mill to work and to sleep.

51
4. Injuries

• Loss of legs, arms fingers. Crippled for life.
• No workmen's compensation.

52
Robert Blincoes Testimony 1828

• A girl named Mary Richards, who was not quite ten
  years of age, attended a drawing frame, below
  which, and about a foot from the floor, was a
  horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were
  turned. It happened one evening, when her apron
  was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor
  girl was drawn by an irresistible force and
  dashed on the floor. She uttered the most
  heart-rending shrieks! Her bones of her arms,
  legs, thighs, etc. successively snap asunder,
  crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery
  whirled her round, and drew tighter

53
Robert Blincoes Testimony 1828

• and tighter her body within the works, her
  blood was scattered over the frame and streamed
  upon the floor, her head appeared dashed to
  pieces - at last, her mangled body was jammed in
  so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that
  the water being low and the wheels off the gear,
  it stopped the main shaft. When she was
  extricated, every bone was found broken - her
  head dreadfully crushed. She was carried off
  quite lifeless.

54
Dr. Smiths Testimony on female health in the
factories.

• Question Are not the females less capable of
  sustaining this long labour than males.
• Dr. Samuel Smith Yes. In the female the pelvis
  is considerably wider than the male. When having
  to sustain the upright posture for long periods,
  the pelvis is prevented from being properly
  developed and, in many of those instances,
  instead of forming an oval aperture, it forms a
  triangular one, the part supporting the spine
  being pressed downwards, and the parts receiving
  the heads of the thigh-bones being pressed
  inwards.

55
Dr. Smiths Testimony on female health in the
factories.

• When they are expecting to become mothers,
  sometimes because of the development of the bones
  of the pelvis, there is not actually space for
  the exit of the child which is within the womb.
  Under these circumstances, it is often the
  painful duty of the surgeon to destroy the life
  of the child in order that he may preserve the
  more valuable one of the mother. I believe if
  horses in this country were put to the same
  period of labour that factory children are, in a
  very few years the animal would be almost extinct
  among us.

56

• Given the previous testimony on working
  conditions of children, what surprised you the
  most?

57
II. Reforms

• Unions organized to raise wages and improve
  working conditions.
• Become legal and established. Skilled workers
  carpenters and spinners unionize first.
• Collective bargaining negotiations.
• Strike refuse to work

58
E. Factory Act of 1833

• Illegal to hire children under nine.
• Ages nine to 13 only 8hrs/day.
• Ages 14 18 up to 12 hrs/day.
• Mine Act of 1842
• Similar to the Factory Act of 1833

59
Unions

• Unionsassociations formed by laborers to work
  for change
• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with
  employers
• Sometimes they strikecall a work stoppageto
  pressure owners
• Skilled workers are first to form unions
• Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to
  form unions
• Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours,
  improved conditions

60
Child Labor

• As concerns about the welfare of children rose in
  mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into
  working conditions.
• New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

61
IV. Industrialization in the United States

• The United States offers conditions favorable to
  the growth of industry.
• Samuel Slater teams up with Moses Brown. Result
  spread of the American Textile industry.
• U.S. Industry fueled by the growth of railroads.
• The Industrial Revolution will translate into a
  victory for the Union in the Civil War.
• By 1900, the U.S. becomes the industrial leader
  of the world in steel production and oil
  refinery.

62
Cotton Gin

• Cotton Gin A machine that separates the seeds
  from raw cotton fibers.

63
Effects of Cotton Gin

• Profit per pound of cotton skyrocketed.
• Many plantations depended on it as only major
  crop.
• New plantations developed I Alabama, Mississippi,
  Louisiana, and finally Texas.
• Slaves expanded from 700,000 to 1.5 million.

64
The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects

• New inventions and development of factories
• Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
• Increased production and higher demand for raw
  materials
• Growth of worldwide trade
• Population explosion and a large labor force
• Exploitation of mineral resources
• Highly developed banking and investment system
• Advances in transportation, agriculture, and
  communication

• Long hours worked by children in factories
• Increase in population of cities
• Poor city planning
• Loss of family stability
• Expansion of middle class
• Harsh conditions for laborers
• Workers progress vs. laissez-faire economic
  attitudes
• Improved standard of living
• Creation of new jobs
• Encouragement of technological progress

Political Effects

• Child labor laws to end abuses
• Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth
  (i.e. Karl Marx)
• Trade unions
• Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism,
  utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
• Reform bills in Parliament

65
Effects of The Industrial Rev.

• Wealth gap widens non-industrialized countries
  fall further behind
• European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies
  for resources
• Imperialism spreads due to need for raw
  materials, markets
• Europe and U.S. gain economic power
• African and Asian economies lag, based on
  agriculture, crafts
• Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls
  for social reform

66
More Effects

• Produced goods for the masses
• Fortunes made
• age of unrestrained capitalism
• Raw materials came from colonies.
• Colonies were guaranteed markets
• Spawned abuses of labor
• women, children chained to machines
• Rich became richer dominated world
• Inequity of wealth
• led to Socialism, Communism in Europe
• Video

67
(No Transcript)
68
Reforming theIndustrial World

• The Industrial Revolution leads to economic,
  social, and political reforms.
• Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism

69
Capitalism/Laissez-faire

• Capitalismsystem of privately owned businesses
  seeking profits
• Laissez faireeconomic policy of not interfering
  with businesses
• Job of the government is to protect your rights,
  not interfere with business
• Adam Smithdefender of free markets, author of
  The Wealth of Nations
• Believes economic liberty guarantees economic
  progress
• Economic natural lawsself-interest, competition,
  supply and demand

70
Five Elements of Capitalism

• Private Ownership
• Equal opportunity for citizens to own business
• Free Enterprise
• Freedom to produce and consume
• Supply and Demand
• Inversely proportional High supply low demand
  low Price
• Competition
• Needed to secure highest quality
• good at reasonable price
• Profit Motive
• Individuals make the money

71
Socialism

• Socialism-factors of production owned by and
  operated for the people
• Socialists think government control can end
  poverty, bring equality
• Social Democrats achieve through democratic
  reforms (Welfarism)
• Marxists achieve through Revolution

72
Communism

• Karl MarxGerman journalist proposes a radical
  form of socialism, Marxism
• Friedrich EngelsGerman whose father owns a
  Manchester textile Mill
• Marx and Engels believe society is divided into
  warring classes
• Capitalism helps haves, the employers known as
  the bourgeoisie
• Hurts have-nots, the workers known as the
  proletariat
• Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow
  the owners
• Write their ideas in a book The Communist
  Manifesto

73
Communism

• Marx believes that capitalism will eventually
  destroy itself
• Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize
  factories and mills
• Communismsociety where people own, share the
  means of production
• Marxs ideas later take root in Russia, China,
  Cuba, (Vietnam and North Korea)
• Time has shown that society not controlled by
  economic forces alone
• No Religion in Communism

74
Five Elements of Communism

• Economic Determinism
• Govt determines what is produced
• Class Struggle
• The Haves vs. Have-Nots
• Surplus Value Theory
• The goal of money will always abuse workers
• Proletariat Rule
• Workers will control the society
• Individual Contributions
• Each person must contribute to the society with
  their individual skills

75
What is Communism?

• Marx and Engels studied the history of the
  worlds economies.
• This means the way that power, industry and
  finance are controlled.
• They saw the way countries developed in stages.

Communism
Socialism
Capitalism
Feudalism
Explain these please!
Primitive Communism
76
What is Communism?
This is how humans first lived together in
small tribes. Primitive means not very advanced
e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that
everything was shared amongst the tribe food,
jobs, belongings. No-one owned land. Eventually a
group comes to power this leads to Feudalism
Primitive Communism
77
What is Communism?
Under feudalism, a king or emperor or chief
becomes the ruler over all the people.
He gives land and privileges to nobles who rule
the people for him.
The people are kept uneducated and told that god
chose the king to rule. The church helps the king
this way.
Feudalism
As trade develops, some people get richer. This
leads to Capitalism..
Primitive Communism
78
What is Communism?
The capitalists get more power to serve their own
interests.
The business owners or capitalists get richer
while the workers do all the hard work.
Capitalism
Feudalism
Capitalism creates a huge working-class of people
who soon get angry at the way they are treated.
They organise in unions and demand changes. This
will lead to a revolution and Socialism
79
What is Communism?
Because nothing is made for profit, all people
benefit from education and health.
The workers take control of the country to
produce things for everyone.
Socialism
These ideas spread across the world to create
Communism.
Capitalism
In the Socialist revolution all the rulers
kings, churches, capitalists are got rid of.
80
What is Communism?
The remaining capitalists put up a bitter fight,
but the will of the people will always win.
Communism
Socialism
All human activity goes towards benefiting each
other allowing all to live their lives to the
full.
As everyone now works together, war is a thing of
the past armies are not needed. Sharing means
no police are needed. Everything is provided by
the people so money becomes a thing of the past.