Industrial Revolution, Nationalism

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Industrial Revolution, Nationalism Imperialism

• 1750-1900

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Industrial Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution chicken egg dilemma
• New techniques in farming fertilizers and the
  use of farm machinery resulted in 2 significant
  changes that aided the industrial revolution
• Crop yields increased dramatically
• Fewer workers were required to work in the fields
  thus they sought jobs in the factories
• Made it possible for nations to sustain larger
  populations

3
Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution
• Textile Industry where the revolution began in
  England
• Cottage Industry
• Making textiles and goods in individual homes
• Factory System
• Workers were forced to go to a central location
  where all production took place
• Large expensive equipment brought about a need
  for such a system

4
Industrial Revolution

• 1st Industrial Revolution was in textiles and
  powered by water.
• New Inventions rapidly increased production.

Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves
Steam Engine James Watt
Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney
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Industrial Revolution

• 2nd Industrial Revolution
• Occurred in the iron and steel industry.
• Countries with deposits of iron and coal became
  leaders in the 2nd phase.
• This revolution was powered by steam and coal
  later to be replaced by electrical generators and
  the combustion engine in the 20th century.
• Sources of Power water, coal steam, coal, oil
  electricity.

Bethlehem Steel
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Industrial Revolution

• Improvement in transportation and communication
  improved efficiency

James Watt, Locomotive
Samuel Morse, Telegraph
John McAdam, roads
Canals
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Consequences of Industrialization

• Growth of cities
• Overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, industrial
  pollution
• Demand for local government to improve living
  conditions
• Working Conditions
• Demands for Reform long hours, low wages, lousy
  conditions
• Unionization movements
• Iron law of Wages keep wages low workers are
  productive small families

• European Population
• 1750 140m
• 1800 187m 29?
• 1850 266m 35?
• London
• 1800 1m
• 1850 2.4m
• 1900 4m
• Berlin
• 1700 30,000
• 1850 450,000
• 1900 2 million

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Social Consequences of Industrialization

• Wage Economics people became dependent upon
  wages to survive, no longer self sufficient
• Cities became crowded, need for police forces and
  prisons
• Women left the workforce once married, but both
  children and young girls were exploited often
  earning low wages.
• Child Labor Laws would slowly eliminate the use
  of child labor
• British Ten Hour Work Day was instituted to allow
  adults more time with their children

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Industrialization and Society

• Chartism
• Malthus
• Utilitarianism
• Early Socialism
• Utopian Socialist

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Conservatism In Europe

• Congress of Vienna
• Allied powers meet in Vienna to carve up
  Napoleons Empire
• Principle of legitimacy was to return rightful
  monarchs back to their thrones
• Austrian Foreign Minister Prince von Metternich
  is the key architect of European politics from
  1814 1848.
• Concert of Europe
• Allied powers would work in harmony to keep the
  peace in Europe and prevent one power from being
  too dominant.

Europe after 1815
Conservatives hoped to return Europe to the
pre-revolutionary days
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Reform Bill in Great Britain

• Series of Acts that reformed the British
  electoral system
• Redistricting reduced the number of boroughs
• Extended Franchise included smaller landowners
  in counties who owned 10 pounds worth of land
• Voter registration
• Working Classes and Women were unsatisfied

12
France in the Aftermath of Napoleon

• Louis XVIII 1814-24
• Constitutional monarch but very weak especially
  when he fled during the 100 days.
• Tried to rule in a centrist fashion and afraid
  his brother would not be so wise
• Died without heir from complications of obesity
  and gangrene.

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France in the Aftermath of Napoleon 1814-1848

• Charles X 1824-1830
• Last of the Bourbon kings
• Unpopular ruler. Liberals despised his autocratic
  policies. Unable to get a favorable majority in
  the parliament Charles issued 4 Ordinances in
  July 1830 dissolving parliament, censoring the
  press, altered the electoral system and called
  for new elections in the streets.
• Parisians went to the barricades. Charles army
  was unable to regain Paris. Charles abdicated for
  himself and his son in favor of his nephew Henri,
  but the parliament chose Louis Philippe, 4th in
  line as King of the French.

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Liberalism

• Liberalism was a political philosophy that felt
  people should be free from government
  interference.
• Felt government should be run by a constitution
  but NOT in favor of universal male suffrage.
• Only men of property should have the right to
  vote.
• Believed in the ideals of the Enlightenment
• Middle Class industrialists were the primary
  supporters of this view point which dominated the
  mid to late 1800s

Adam Smith
Louis Philippe, Bourgeois King of the French
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Reign of the Bourgeois King

• Louis Philippe 1830-1848
• King of the French, tricolor flag restored
• Promoted Liberal, bourgeois interests at the
  expense of working class interests
• Overthrown in the revolution of 1848 when he
  refused to grant changes to working conditions in
  France

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Rise of Socialism

• Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx 1848
• Called for workers to seize control of the
  factors of production meaning the factories,
  the mines, etc
• Marx believed the workers proletariat needed to
  seize political control from the upper middle
  class factory owners bourgeoisie
• Socialist Political parties would gain strength
  and popularity throughout Europe in the late
  1800s early 1900s.

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1848 Year of Revolution

• Revolution in France
• Socialists under the leadership of Louis Blanc
  demanded inclusion in a new provisional
  government.
• Workshops were created to provide work relief for
  the unemployed
• New Elections resulted in a Conservative and
  Moderate majority in the National Assembly
  showing the provinces did not trust Paris
  radicals.
• New socialist revolts were put down by the
  military
• 1848 Austria and Prussia face growing revolts
• Hungarians revolt against Austrian rule, Russian
  troops help Austria put down the revolts.
  Hungarians would not gain autonomy until 1867.
• Austrian Emperor Ferdinand is forced to abdicate,
  replaced by his nephew 18 year old Franz Joseph.
  Prince Metternich resigns and flees to Innsbruck
• German Congress in Frankfurt offers Prussian King
  the crown of a united Germany, He rejects it.
  Revolution in Prussia forces the king to grant a
  constitution.

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2nd French Republic Empire

• 1848 2nd Republic
• Louis Napoleon, Napoleons nephew is elected
  President in 1848 with 75 of the vote.
• Allowed to serve only one 4 year term.
• 1852 he seizes power in a coup on Dec 2, 1851 and
  creates the 2nd Empire crowning himself Napoleon
  III.
• Used a plebiscite to give his action legitimacy
• 2nd Empire 1852-70
• Made many changes that benefited socialists and
  industrialists. Beautified Paris and made it the
  city it is today. Was very popular until his
  downfall.

Napoleon III
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Napoleon III Foreign Policy

• As Emperor he needed a wife and heir. Chose a
  woman he loved rather than an arranged marriage.
  Eugenie de Monitjo of Spain.
• Crimean War 1854-56. Ended the Concert of Europe
  when he joined Britain in fighting Russia.
• Unification of Italy
• Asia Policy
• Mission to Japan
• Second Opium War 1860 occupation of China
• French Indochina
• Mexico 1866
• Maximilian Hapsburg

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Russia in the Aftermath of Napoleon

• Tsar Alexander I 1801-1825 repressed liberalism
  and nationalism. Russian military officers
  however were exposed to the ideals of the French
  Revolution
• Alexander died unexpectedly without an heir. His
  brother Constantine had a morganatic marriage, so
  his younger brother Nicholas was considered heir.
• Decembrist Revolt, officers who favored
  Constantine revolted and Nicholas had it brutally
  put down.
• Nicholas I ruled as autocrat from 1825-1855

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Nationalism

• Believe a nation is composed of people who share
  a common language and cultural heritage
• Most powerful ideology of the 19th and 20th
  century
• Used by both Liberals and Monarchists to achieve
  their objectives
• Often combined with Liberalism to achieve its
  objectives
• 1821 Greece, then 1830 Serbia gain independence
  from the Ottoman empire
• 1820-30s Latin American gains independence from
  Spain
• 1830 Belgium gains independence from the
  Netherlands

Execution of Karl Sand
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Nationalism Italy

• Nationalism
• feelings of devotion and loyalty to ones country
  or ethnic group
• Italy was dominated by Austria and France
• Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
• PM Camillo Cavour sided with France Britain in
  the Crimean War in exchange for French support
  for Italian Unification
• Giuseppe Garibaldis Red Shirts invaded S. Italy

• Unification of Italy 1850-1870

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Nationalism Germany

• Unification of Germany 1866-71
• Prussian King Wilhem I
• Chancellor Otto von Bismarck
• Architect of unification
• Greater Germany
• A unified Germany including the Austrian Empire
• Lesser Germany
• A unified Germany without Austria

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German Unification Bismarcks Blood Iron

• Austro-Prussian War of 1866
• Prussia defeated Austria in 6 weeks eliminated
  Austria from interfering in German affairs
• United Northern Germany with Prussia
• Franco-Prussian War of 1870
• Ems Telegram doctored by Bismarck to insult
  France
• Prussia defeated France and resulted in German
  unification
• Germany is unified in Jan 1871
• Germany takes Alsace-Lorraine from France

The Unification of Germany 1862-1871
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Nationalism The Balkans

• Europes Powder Keg
• Ottoman Domination Collapse
• Albania Bosnian conversions to Islam
• The Sick Man of Europe
• Greek Independence 1831
• Russia Defender of Slavs and Eastern Orthodoxy
• 1877 Russo-Ottoman War

Balkans 1878-1914
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Nationalism The Balkans

• Russia and Pan-Slavism
• Russia considered itself the defender of Slavic
  speaking peoples
• Russo-Turkish War of 1877
• Russia defeated the Ottoman Turks
• Congress of Berlin 1878
• European powers feared Russian power sought to
  contain at this conference
• Romania Serbia gain independence
• Bulgaria is autonomous
• Bosnia-Herzegovina administered by
  Austria-Hungary

Balkans 1878-1914
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Imperialism

• Reasons for Imperialism
• Economic resources markets
• Strategic bases for refueling
• Prestige
• White Mans Burden
• Africa
• Only 2 independent nations by 1900 Ethiopia and
  Liberia
• Asia
• French Indochina Vietnam
• British Hong Kong, Singapore
• Spheres of Influence in China

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Imperialism

• Emergence of Japan
• US Commodore Perrys visit in 1853 opened Japans
  eyes to modern technology
• Meiji Restoration 1867
• Restored the monarchy and ended feudalism in
  Japan
• Began a period of rapid modernization
• Sino-Japanese War 1895
• Seized Korea and Formosa Taiwan from China
• Russo-Japanese War 1905
• 1st time an Asia nation defeated a European

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Imperialism Germany

• Imperial Conflict
• Wilhelm II, nephew of Queen Victoria. Birth
  defect left him with a slightly deformed left
  arm. He always seemed to overcompensate for it.
• Germany was an economic and military powerhouse
  but a small empire. Wilhelm wanted to change
  that.
• Bismarcks advice to Kaiser Wilhelm II was to not
  pursue an Empire and maintain an alliance with
  Russia but Wilhelm ignored him and fired Bismarck
  in 1890
• Wilhelm IIs pursuit of an Empire and expansion
  of the Germany Navy led him into conflict with
  Britain and France

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Hapsburg Austria

• Franz Josef Elizabeth
• The Hapsburg Curse
• Eldest daughter died at Age 2
• Son Rudolf heir to throne supposedly committed
  suicide at age 30 in 1889
• Elisabeth assassinated in 1898
• Franz Ferdinand Fran Josefs nephew and heir
  after Rudolfs death is assassinated in 1914

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Nationalism Austria-Hungary

• Dual Monarchy
• 1867 Became the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Ethnic tension
• Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Slovenes,
  Croats, and Serbs all demanding autonomy or
  independence
• Triple Monarchy?
• Franz-Ferdinand heir to the throne proposed a
  triple monarchy and self government for slavs.
• Serbs saw this as a threat

Europe 1877
32
The Alliance System

• Triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
• Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia

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The Powder Keg Explodes

• The Balkan Wars 1912-1913
• 1st Balkan War
• Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece vs the
  Ottoman empire
• 2nd Balkan War
• Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire vs
  Bulgaria
• Assassination 1914
• Sarajevo, Bosnia Austrian Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand is assassinated by Serbian terrorists
  and triggers WWI