The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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DayQuest 12/2/13

• What were three causes of the Industrial
  Revolution?

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Video Clip

• https//sites.google.com/site/industrialrevolution
  webquest2/

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Industrial Revolution

• Word Association
• In the next two minutes, list every term or
  concept you can think of that relates to the
  Industrial Revolution.

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The Industrial Revolution

• What is the Industrial Revolution?
• Is it still occurring today?
• If so, where?

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Industrial RevolutionDefinition

• Time period starting in the mid 1750s in England
  when people switched from making goods in the
  home or on the farm to mass producing goods in
  factories in cities.

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Before the Industrial Revolution

• Highlight features of life before the Industrial
  Revolution as we read the article.
• After completing the article, complete the top
  section of the accompanying worksheet.

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DayQuest 12/3/13

• Why did the Industrial Revolution start in
  Britain?

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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain

• Agricultural Revolution
• Rich in Natural Resources
• Development of the Factory System
• Transportation Revolution

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Agricultural Revolution

• Enclosure Movement
• New Farming Technology and Techniques
• New Crops

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Agricultural Revolution Enclosure Movement

• British Parliament passed a series of laws
  allowing common grazing lands to be fenced off,
  preventing many British peasants from being able
  to graze their animals.
• Migration The Enclosure movement led to many
  peasants migrating to cities where they became
  cheap labor for burgeoning factories.

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Agricultural Revolution New Farming Technology
Techniques

• Advances in agricultural methods led to increased
  production.
• Jethro Tulls Seed Drill
• Andrew Meikes Threshing Machine
• Use of Three-Field and Four-Field Systems of crop
  rotation

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Agricultural Revolution New Crops

• Potato high carbohydrate food that grew in just
  about any soil on the British Isles
• Maize (corn) fed to animals
• Turnips Charles Turnip Townshend

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Britain Rich in Natural Resources

• Mineral Resources
• Iron
• Coal
• Many navigable rivers
• Thames (London)
• Mersey (Liverpool)
• Many good ports
• Liverpool
• London
• Bristol

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Development of Factory System

• The Factory System (by machine) slowly replaced
  the Domestic System (by hand) of organizing
  labor and producing goods.
• Characteristics of Factory System
• Labor was housed on one site (in a factory)
• Factory was able to utilize power source (factory
  usually located near water) which allowed
  factories to have manufacturing equipment which,
  in turn, resulted in the faster production of
  goods that were less expensive to make
• Factories built near rivers, canals, roads, and
  eventually railways

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Transportation Revolution

• Canals
• Canals connected Britains rivers into a vast
  waterway network
• Canals well suited to the transportation of
  fragile goods, like British porcelain
• Roads (turnpikes)
• Britain built the best roads since the Ancient
  Romans
• Roads improved with the development of the
  Macadam surface

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Transportation Revolution

• Railways
• Impacted by development of the steam engine
  (James Watt Richard Trevithick)
• First celebrated railway line The Rocket from
  Liverpool to Manchester
• Revolutionized trade and travel in the 19th
  century
• Iron bridges, tunnels, and viaducts to connect
  transportation network

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Other Causes of Industrial Revolution in Britain

• British had the worlds largest colonial empire
• Source of raw materials (example cotton from
  British India)
• Source of markets for British finished products
  (example cloth sold to British India)
• Population explosion
• Caused by
• End to plagues
• Nutritional Revolution people ate more and
  healthier
• Improved medicine
• Results
• The increase in population increased demand for
  goods while driving down the value of labor

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Other Causes of Industrial Revolution in Britain

• Established banking system and stock market
• Britain embraced laissez-faire economic
  philosophy
• Developed out of French Enlightenment along with
  Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations (1776)
• laissez-faire leave it alone or hands off
  government should keep its hands off the economy
  government should only be concerned with
  protecting citizens and building public
  infrastructure
• Factory owners and businessmen embraced what
  became known as laissez-faire capitalism

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The Industrial Revolution in Britain

• What were three reasons for the Industrial
  Revolution beginning in Britain?

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Major Industries

• Textiles (late 18th early 19th centuries)
• Mining of coal and iron (late 18th early 19th
  centuries)
• Railways (early to mid 19th century)
• Chemicals (mid to late 19th century)
• Electricity (late 19th early 20th centuries)

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Poster Series Activity

• Using the posters around the room, complete the
  Industrial Revolution Poster Series worksheet.

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DayQuest 12/4/13

• What were three new inventions created as a
  result of the Industrial Revolution?

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DayQuest 12/5/13

• What group felt that child labor was a good
  idea? Why?

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Perspective Activity
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DayQuest 12/6/13

• What was social problem caused by the Industrial
  Revolution and how was it solved?

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Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

• Child labor
• Poor working conditions
• Women entered the workforce in large numbers
• Urbanization

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Child Labor

• Background
• Children employed in factories and mines, often
  due to their small physical stature and ability
  to perform tasks adults struggled to complete
• Children were less expensive to hire
• Parents needed the money and, therefore, had
  their children work
• No government regulation to prevent children from
  working
• Most famous study of child labor in Britain the
  Sadler Commission which issued the Sadler Report
  (1832-33) to parliament

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Child Labor

• Consequences
• Children were often injured or killed in
  factories and mines
• Disruption and/or destruction of childhood
• Remedy
• Eventually governments established child labor
  legislation and countries adopted compulsory
  primary education

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Working Conditions

• Background
• Long hours and dangerous working conditions
• Workers often employed 12 hour shifts (or more)
  for 6 days a week
• Almost no safety features on machinery or in
  mines
• Workers were not educated about or protected from
  toxic chemicals or dangerous working conditions
• No government regulation to monitor conditions or
  hours

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Working Conditions

• Consequences
• Exhaustion, injury, mutilation, and death were
  common features of factory and mine life
• People had little time to spend with families or
  engage in leisure activities

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Working Conditions

• Remedy
• Eventually governments established legislation to
  regulate factories (Example Britains series of
  Factory Acts)
• Later trade unions were formed/legalized to
  lookout for the rights/needs of workers/miners
• Eventually workers gained the right to vote
  (Britain in 1867)

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Women entered workforce in large numbers

• Background
• Traditional roles of women in rural Europe
  helped manage farms, complete chores, rear
  children. Some women were employed in the
  domestic system of the textile industry (i.e.,
  did not leave home to work)
• Urbanization led to many women moving to cities
  with their families

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Women entered workforce in large numbers

• Consequences
• Many women took jobs in factories or in the
  domestic service industry to add to the family
  income long hours were the norm
• Women had the dual burden of maintaining
  traditional roles while also holding down a
  full-time job away from the home
• As an economic and social necessity, many
  children had to take jobs in factories or mines

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Women entered workforce in large numbers

• Remedies/Results
• Parliamentary reform government action limiting
  the number of hours a worker could work and child
  labor laws helped lessen some of industrial life
• dual burden remained a reality as social
  conventions were slow to change to adapt to women
  working outside the home

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DayQuest 12/9/13

• What were three effects that urbanization had on
  cities?

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Urbanization

• What is urbanization?
• What is a tenement?

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Urbanization and Crowded Cities

• Background
• Millions of workers moved from the countryside to
  cities in the course of the early Industrial
  Revolution (Ex Manchester in Britain)
• Britain became worlds first urbanized society by
  the middle of the 19th century

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Urbanization

• Why did the Industrial Revolution lead to
  urbanization?

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Urbanization and Crowded Cities

• Consequences
• Living conditions were crowded and unsanitary as
  unregulated slum housing was quickly built to
  meet demand
• Major shortages of fresh drinking water
• Sewage systems inadequate to deal with urban
  society ventilation and air quality poor
• Disease (Ex cholera) and fire spread quickly as
  living conditions were often atrocious

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Urbanization and Crowded Cities

• Remedies
• Government began to regulate cities and build
  infrastructure to address pressures of urban
  society
• Cities began to hire city planners to make
  cities safer, more functional, more beautiful and
  to minimize threat of revolts (ex Paris)

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Reactions to Social Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution

• Government reform (especially in Britain)
• Child labor laws
• Laws limited the number of hours that could be
  worked in a day
• Laws passed making factories safer (relatively!)
• Governments eventually established compulsory
  education
• Some governments allowed workers to vote
  (Britain, 1867)

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Reactions to Social Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution

• Labor Unions in some countries, workers were
  allowed to form unions to collectively bargain
  for higher wages and better working conditions
  (ex Britain)

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Reactions to Social Consequences of the
Industrial Revolution

• Alternative political/economic philosophies
• Socialism government control of major industries
  and services
• Utopian socialism planned communities (ex
  Robert Owen in Britain)
• Marxs communism no private property and workers
  share profits

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Questions

• What were three social consequences of the
  Industrial Revolution?
• What were three reactions to these social
  consequences?