Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
Mr. Craddock January 21, 2010
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Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
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The Factors of Production

• Land- Not only includes land but also
• Natural resources-
• Flowing Rivers for the power needed to power
  the early machinery
• Coal needed to power the factories, and later to
  provide power for machinery
• Iron Ore used to make the machines and later used
  to make steel products
• Labor- The workers needed for the factories to
• Capital- The money need to invest in the growth
  of industry

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The Enclosure Movement
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FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• James Watt's steam engine, 1765
• Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a
  wheel
• Widespread use by 1800 meant increased
  productivity, cheaper prices
• Iron and steel also important industries, with
  continual refinement
• Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as
  principal fuel
• Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger
  steel
• Transportation improved with steam engines and
  improved steel
• George Stephenson invented the first
  steam-powered locomotive, 1815
• Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the
  mid-nineteenth century
• Railroads and steamships lowered transportation
  costs
• Created dense transportation networks

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New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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The Power Loom
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Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
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Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Coal critical to the early industrialization of
  Britain
• Shift from wood to coal in 18TH century
  deforestation caused wood shortages
• Abundant, accessible coal reserves in Britain
• Overseas colonies provided raw materials, capital
  
• Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and
  cotton
• Colonies also became markets for British
  manufactured goods
• Grain, timber, and beef shipped from United
  States to Britain after 1830
• Profits from sugar funded banks, provided
  investment capital
• Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of
  cotton industry
• Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, allowing huge
  amounts of cotton to be processed
• John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733
• Samuel Compton invented the spinning "mule," 1779
  
• Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power
  loom, 1785

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James Watts Steam Engine
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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Coalfields Industrial Areas
Metals, Woolens, Canals
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50,000 miners
1850 30 tons 200,000 miners
1880 160 million tons 500,000 miners
1914 292 million tons 1,200,000 miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
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Mine Forge 1840-1880

• Coal more powerful than water
• Iron more powerful than wood
• Innovations make steel feasible Puddling
  1820 pig iron Hot blast 1829
  cheaper, purer steel Bessemer process
  1856 strong, flexible steel

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SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• British industrial monopoly
• 1750 to 1800
• Forbade immigration of skilled workers
• Belgium, France
• Moved toward industrialization by mid-nineteenth
  century
• Belgium was first as it most resembled England,
  closest ports
• Germany
• Coal and iron ore deposits led to heavy industry,
  arms, shipping
• Built railroads to move German army around,
  benefiting commerce
• Rails required steel, coal
• Eventually developed chemicals, electrical
  industries

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SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• The United States
• Slow to start few laborers, little capital
• Cotton and Textiles began revolution
• British craftsmen started cotton textile industry
  in New England, 1820s
• Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to
  New England factories
• New England most resembled Old England conditions
  
• Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron,
  armaments, clothing, food production
• Rail networks developed in 1860s
• Integrated various regions of United States
• Facilitated export markets, development of ports
• Developed electrical, transportation industries

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RESULTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
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Economic Results

• Factory system- factory replaced home (the
  domestic system) as center of production
• Factory system- Workers brought together in one
  location to build a product

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Economic Results

• Mass production
• Division of labor--one worker performs only one
  operation
• Standardization-- interchangeable parts- Eli
  Whitney and the cotton gin
• Assembly line--product moves along moving belt to
  workers- Henry Ford used it to build the first
  mass produced automobile, the Ford Model T (You
  can have it in any color you want so long as it
  is black.)

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Economic Results

• Mass production (contd.)
• Advantages
• Efficient use of workers and machines
• Economical use of raw materials
• Faster output of more goods at lower cost
• Disadvantages
• Workers perform monotonous, repetitious tasks
• Creativity is stifled
• Similar products push society into uniformity

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Economic Results

• Modern capitalism
• Entrepreneurs devised system for financing,
  production, and trade
• Adam Smith led push to end mercantilism
  (government restrictions on production and trade)
• Wrote The Wealth of Nations- called for
  governments not to regulate business practices-
  Laissez-faire
• Free Market economics would bring about
  competition and self-regulation
• Promoted economic self-interest

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Economic Results

• Modern capitalism (contd.)
• Laissez-faire included(s)
• Private ownership
• Free enterprise
• Profit motive
• Competition
• Market economy
• Late 19th century growth of big business and
  international economic interdependence
• Higher living standards began to occur as
  government intervention and regulations took
  place

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Social Results

• Labor discontent
• Wages-low
• Hours-long
• Children (5) and women held industrial jobs
• Factories-unsanitary/unsafe
• Technological unemployment

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Social Results

• Growth of cities
• Jobs lured people to cities
• Eventually social and cultural opportunities
  began to appear for the wealthy
• Better transportation allowed easier movement of
  people and goods
• Cities suffered from poor sanitation,
  overcrowding, and pollution

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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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The New Industrial City
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The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Upstairs/Downstairs Life
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Socialism

• Early types
• Utopian Socialists
• Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when
  they saw merits of socialism
• Scientific Socialists
• Capitalism would destroy itself
• Karl Marx, a German economist, wrote The
  Communist Manifesto
• Said working class, which was being exploited,
  would rise up and overthrow the present system

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The Luddites 1811-1816
Attacks on the frames power looms.
Ned Ludd a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest
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The Luddites
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Political Results

• Growth of democracy
• Rise of middle classes
• Grew in number and wealth
• Desired political influence
• Battle for democracy led to
• Extension of suffrage
• Rise of new political parties
• Mass media informed citizenry

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Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 to
  raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission- to look intoworking
  conditions
• Factory Act 1833 child labor under the age of
  9 was stopped
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief.
• Poor houses.
• Reform Bill 1832 broadens thevote for the
  middle class. Working class did not receive vote
  until 1860s.
• Women did not receive suffrage until after WWI

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Political Results

• Strengthened nationalism
• Mass media
• Transportation
• Impetus to imperialism
• Need for large quantities of raw materials
• Need for mass markets