The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• T.S. Demonstrate an understanding of concepts

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An Early Steam Locomotive
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The Impact of the Railroad
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What was life like in a factory town?

• Crowded housing
• Ex Manchester 2 toilets for 250 people
• Coal burning produces terrible air
  pollutionsulphur and soot
• Lack of sanitary conditions
• 6/10 children died before age 5

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Manchester England
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London- Artist Representation
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London- Artist Representation
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London- Artist Representation
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London- Artist Representation
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London- Artist Representation
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London- Artist Representation
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What was life like in a factory?

• Jobs divided into simple tasks
• Mass Production
• Mechanization
• Describe the working conditions!
• Long hours, noise, lack of ventilation, poor
  sanitation, inadequate food,

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FACTORIES AND ASSEMBLY LINES

• Made manufacturing more efficient and thus
  increased profits
• Created jobs for people but these jobs were often
  very labor intensive and done in poor conditions
• Women and children worked alongside men
• Women had to do double duty as moms and workers
• Children as young as five worked 16 hour days in
  deplorable conditions

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London- Artist Representation

  Source The Lancet, British medical journal,
founded and edited by Thomas Wakley, medical
reformer, 1843.
AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH
   Gentry/Professional Farmer/Trader  Labor/Artisan
 Rural Districts      
 Rutland  52  41  38
 Bath 55 37 25
       
 Industrial Distracts      
 Leeds 44 27 19
 Manchester 38 20 17
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Family Life
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Evidence of Textile Workers in Wilson's Mill,
Nottingham

• "I work at Mr. Wilson's mill. I think the
  youngest child is about 7. I daresay there are 20
  under 9 years. It is about half past five by our
  clock at home when we go in....We come out at
  seven by the mill. We never stop to take our
  meals, except at dinner.

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Evidence of Textile Workers in Wilson's Mill,
Nottingham

• William Crookes is overlooker in our room. He is
  cross-tempered sometimes. He does not beat me he
  beats the little children if they do not do their
  work right....I have sometimes seen the little
  children drop asleep or so, but not lately. If
  they are catched asleep they get the strap. They
  are always very tired at night....I can read a
  little I can't write. I used to go to school
  before I went to the mill I have since I am
  sixteen."

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Punishment

• Robert Blincoe was interviewed by John Brown in
  1828.
• The blacksmith had the task of riveting irons
  upon any of the apprentices, whom the master
  ordered. These irons were very much like the
  irons usually put upon felons. Even young women,
  if they suspected of intending to run away, had
  irons riveted on their ankles, and reaching by
  long links and rings up to the hips, and in these
  they were compelled to walk to and fro from the
  mill to work and to sleep.

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Table 1 Age Distribution in Cotton Factories (Manchester and Stockport Cotton Factories, 1818-9)   Table 1 Age Distribution in Cotton Factories (Manchester and Stockport Cotton Factories, 1818-9)   Table 1 Age Distribution in Cotton Factories (Manchester and Stockport Cotton Factories, 1818-9)   Table 1 Age Distribution in Cotton Factories (Manchester and Stockport Cotton Factories, 1818-9)   Table 1 Age Distribution in Cotton Factories (Manchester and Stockport Cotton Factories, 1818-9)  
  Starting Age in Factories Starting Age in Factories
Age Group
under 10 49..9
10-13 27..9
14-17 10..3
18-20 4.1
21 over 7.8
sample size 7142 7142
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Factory Food

• (3) Sarah Carpenter was interviewed by The Ashton
  Chronicle on 23rd June, 1849.Our common food
  was oatcake. It was thick and coarse. This
  oatcake was put into cans. Boiled milk and water
  was poured into it. This was our breakfast and
  supper. Our dinner was potato pie with boiled
  bacon it, a bit here and a bit there, so thick
  with fat we could scarce eat it, though we were
  hungry enough to eat anything. Tea we never saw,
  nor butter. We had cheese and brown bread once a
  year. We were only allowed three meals a day
  though we got up at five in the morning and
  worked till nine at night.

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Accidents Happen!
A report commissioned by the House of Commons in
1832 said that "there are factories, no means
few in number, nor confined to the smaller mills,
in which serious accidents are continually
occurring, and in which, notwithstanding,
dangerous parts of the machinery are allowed to
remain unfenced."
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Evidence of Textile Workers in Wilson's Mill,
Nottingham

• "I have three children working in Wilson's mill
  one 11, one 13, and the other 14. They work
  regular hours there. We don't complain. If they
  go to drop the hours, I don't know what poor
  people will do. We have hard work to live as it
  is. ...My husband is of the same mind about
  it...last summer my husband was 6 weeks ill we
  pledged almost all our things to live the things
  are not all out of pawn yet. ...We complain of
  nothing but short wages...My children have been
  in the mill three years. I have no complaint to
  make of their being beaten...I would rather they
  were beaten than fined."

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GENDER ISSUES

• CHANGES
• Poor women had to work in factories and still
  take care of family needs
• Wealthy women stayed home and had less power
  outside the home in industrial age
• Middle Class women became involved in reform
  movements (abolition, suffrage)
• CONTINUITIES
• Women still had family responsibilities
• Society still very patriarchal

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EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Rapid urbanization (factory jobs were in cities)
• Rough living conditions in crowded cities
• Industrialized nations were the strongest and
  took advantage of non-industrialized nations
• Middle class is born and even more specialization
  of labor develops

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The Need for Reform.What happened to Laissez
Faire??
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