Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution
2
Historical Significance of the Industrial
Revolution

• An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as
  comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life
  was not much different agriculture and
  technology were not much changed in 2000 years
• The Industrial Revolution changed human life
  drastically
• More was created in the last 250 years than in
  the previous 2500 years of known human history

3
What was the Industrial Revolution?

• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental
  change in the way goods were produced, from human
  labor to machines
• The more efficient means of production and
  subsequent higher levels of production triggered
  far-reaching changes to industrialized societies

4
The Industrial Revolution

• Machines were invented which replaced human labor
• New energy sources were developed to power the
  new machinery water, steam, electricity, oil
  (gas, kerosene)
• Some historians place advances in atomic, solar,
  and wind energy at the later stages of the
  Industrial Revolution
• Increased use of metals and minerals
• Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

5
The Industrial Revolution

• Transportation improved
• Ships
• Wooden ships ? Iron ships ? Steel ships
• Wind-powered sails ? Steam-powered boilers
• Trains
• Automobiles
• Communication improved
• Telegraph
• Telephone
• Radio

6
Background of the Industrial Revolution

• Scientific Revolution
• 17th and 18th centuries
• Discoveries of Boyle, Lavoisier, Newton, etc.
• Intellectual Revolution
• 17th and 18th centuries
• Writings of Locke, Voltaire, etc.
• Atmosphere of discovery and free intellectual
  inquiry
• Greater knowledge of the world
• Weakened superstition and tradition
• Encouraged learning and the search for better and
  newer ways of doing things

7
Development of the Domestic System of Production

• Domestic system developed in England
• Late 1600s-late 1800s
• Domestic system of production putting out
  system
• Businesspeople delivered raw materials to
  workers homes
• Workers manufactured goods from these raw
  materials in their homes (typically articles of
  clothing)
• Businesspeople picked up finished goods and paid
  workers wages based on number of items
• Domestic system could not keep up with demand

8
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
9
Industrial England "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
10
Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England
11
The Enclosure Movement
12

• In the second half of the 17th century, the
  English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure
  Acts, prohibiting peasants access to common
  lands.

The enclosure division of the town of Thetford,
England around 1760
13
Enclosed Lands Today
14
The Seed Drill

15
Jethro Tull (16741741)

• Inventor of the seed drill

16
Townshends Four-Field System

• crop rotation example

Charles Turnip Townshend
17
Metals, Woolens, Canals
18
Early Canals
Britains Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
19
Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
• Puddling 1820 pig iron.
• Hot blast 1829 cheaper, purer steel.
• Bessemer process 1856 strong, flexible steel.

20
Coalfields Industrial Areas
21
Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
22
Young Coal Miners
23
Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
24
British Pig Iron Production
25
Summary 1

• Why do you think child labor was used?
• Give at least 2 reasons why?

26
Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
27
Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

28
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
29
The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

30
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
31
Necessity Is the Mother of Invention
32
Necessity Is the Mother of Invention
33
Necessity Is the Mother of Invention
34
Necessity Is the Mother of Invention

• The process of inventing never ends
• One invention inevitably leads to improvements
  upon it and to more inventions

35
The Importance of Textiles

• John Kay invented the flying shuttle

36
The Domestic or Putting Out System

• The textile industry was the most important in
  England
• Most of the work was done in the home

37
The Spinning Jenny

• Hargreavess machine

38
The Water Frame

• Powering the spinning jenny
• Horses
• The water wheel

39
Cotton Imported to Britain Between 1701 and 1800
1701 1,985,868
1710 715,008
1720 1,972,805
1730 1,545,472
1741 1,645,031
1751 2,976,610
1764 3,870,392
1775 4,764,589
1780 6,766,613
1790 31,447,605
1800 56,010,732
40
Cotton Goods Exported by Britain 1701 to 1800
1701 23,253
1710 5,698
1720 16,200
1730 13,524
1741 20,709
1751 45,986
1764 200,354
1780 355,060
1787 1,101,457
1790 1,662,369
1800 5,406,501
41
The Coming of the RailroadsThe Steam Engine

• Thomas Newcomen
• The steam engine

42
James Watts Steam Engine

• Condenser
• Increased efficiency

43
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
44
Young Bobbin-Doffers
45
Jacquards Loom
46
Summary 2

• Describe the benefits of the factory system.
• Explain how this will increase the economy of a
  nation
• Give 2 examples

47
New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
48
John Kays Flying Shuttle
49
The Power Loom
50
James Watts Steam Engine
51
Steam Tractor
52
Steam Ship
53
An Early Steam Locomotive
54
Later Locomotives
55
The Impact of the Railroad
56
The Great Land Serpent
57
Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
58
Crystal Palace Interior Exhibits
59
Crystal PalaceBritish Ingenuity on Display
60
Crystal PalaceAmerican Pavilion
61
Summary 3

• Pick 2 inventions and describe how they must have
  impacted a nations economy.
• 2-3 sentences per invention

62
The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
63
19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
64
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
65
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
66
Upstairs/Downstairs Life
67
The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
68
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
69
Industrial Staffordshire
70
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
71
The New Industrial City
72
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
73
Worker Housing in Manchester
74
Factory Workers at Home
75
Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
76
The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
77
Private Charities Soup Kitchens
78
Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
79
Summary 4

• Compare and Contrast the difference between the
  Haves and the Have Nots
• 1-2 well constructed paragraphs

80
End Section 1
81
Protests / Reformers
82
The Luddites 1811-1816
Attacks on the frames power looms.
Ned Ludd a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest
83
The Luddite Triangle
84
The Luddites
85
The Neo-Luddites Today
86
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
BritishSoldiers Fire on BritishWorkersLet
us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!
87
The Chartists
Key
        Chartistsettlements
         Centres of Chartism
      Area of plug riots, 1842
88
The Peoples Charter

• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
• Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the
  inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

• Votes for all men.
• Equal electoral districts.
• Abolition of the requirement that Members of
  Parliament MPs be property owners.
• Payment for Members of Parliament.
• Annual general elections.
• The secret ballot.

89
The Chartists
A female Chartist
A physical forceChartists arming for the fight.
90
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

• Give manufactures more outlets for their
  products.
• Expand employment.
• Lower the price of bread.
• Make British agriculture more efficient and
  productive.
• Expose trade and agriculture to foreign
  competition.
• Promote international peace through trade
  contact.

91
New Ways of Thinking
92
Thomas Malthus

• Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
• War, disease, or faminecould control
  population.
• The poor should have less children.
• Food supply will then keep up with population.

93
David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages.
• When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
• More children create alarge labor surplus
  thatdepresses wages.

94
The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham John Stuart
Mill

• The goal of society is the greatest good for the
  greatest number.
• There is a role to play for government
  intervention to provide some social safetynet.

95
Jeremy Bentham
96
The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias.

97
Br. Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created
by Industrialization
98
Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 to
  raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions
• Factory Act 1833 child labor.
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief.
• Poor houses.
• Reform Bill 1832 broadens thevote for the
  cities.

99
British Reform Bill of 1832
100
British Reform Bills
101
The Results of Industrialization at the end of
the 19c
102
By 1850 Zones of Industrializationon the
European Continent

• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• Western German states.
• Northern Italy
• East Germany ? Saxony

103
Industrialization By 1850
104
Railroads on the Continent
105
Share in World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900
106
The Politics of Industrialization

• State ownership of some industries.
• RRs ? Belgium most of Germany.
• Tariffs ? British Corn Laws.
• National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing
  bank notes.
• Bank of England.
• Bank of France.
• Companies required to register with the
  government publish annual budgets.
• New legislation to
• Establish limited liability.
• Create rules for the formation of corporations.
• Postal system.
• Free trade zones ? Ger. Zollverein

107
Bibliographic Sources

• Images of the Industrial Revolution.Mt.
  Holyoke College. http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/
  rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
• The Peel Web A Web of English
  History.http//dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eig
  ht/primary.htm