ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

• Chapter 4
• Personality
• Values

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Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual
reacts and interacts with others. It is most
often described in terms of measurable traits a
person exhibits.
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Personality Determinants
Heredity Refers to those factors that were
determined at conception Physical stature, facial
attractiveness, gender, temperament, energy
level, bio rhythms etc. Environment Culture in
which are raised, norms of family, friends and
social groups and other experiences that we
experience. Personality Traits Enduring
characteristics that describe an individuals
behavior, such as shy, aggressive, submissive,
lazy, ambitious, loyal and timid.
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A personality
test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality
types Most widely used personality assessment
instrument in the world.

• Personality Types
• Extraverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
• Score is a combination of all four (e.g., ENTJ)

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Meyers-Briggs

• Extraverted vs. Introverted
• Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable,
  and
• Assertive. Introverts are quite and shy
• Sensing vs. Intuitive
• Sensing types are practical, prefer routine and
  order, and
• focus on details. Intuitive rely on unconscious
  processes
• and look at the big picture

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Meyers-Briggs

• Thinking vs. Feeling
• Thinking types use reason and logic to handle
• problems. Feeling types rely ion their feelings
  and
• emotions.
• Judging vs. Perceiving
• Judging types want control and prefer their
  world to be
• ordered and structured. Perceiving types are
  flexible and
• spontaneous.

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Meyers-Briggs

• A Meyers-Briggs Score
• Can be a valuable too for self-awareness and
  career guidance
• BUT
• Should not be used as a selection tool because it
  has not been related to job performance!

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The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
ExtraversionSociable, gregarious, and assertive
AgreeablenessGood-natured, cooperative, and
trusting
ConscientiousnessResponsible, dependable,
persistent, and organized
Emotional StabilityCalm, self-confident, secure
under stress (positive), versus nervous,
depressed, and insecure under stress (negative)
Openness to ExperienceCurious, imaginative,
artistic, and sensitive
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Measuring Personality

• Personality Is Measured by

• Self-Report Surveys
• Observer-Rating Surveys
• Projective Measures
• Rorschach Inkblot Test
• Thematic Apperception Test

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Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB

• Core Self-Evaluation
• Self-Esteem
• Locus of Control
• Machiavellianism
• Narcissism
• Self-Monitoring
• Risk Taking
• Type A vs. Type B Personality
• Proactive Personality

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Core Self-Evaluation Two Main Components
Self-Esteem Individuals degree of liking or
disliking themselves
Locus of Control The degree to which people
believe they are masters of their own fate

• Internals (Internal locus of control)
  Individuals who believe that they control what
  happens to them

• Externals (External locus of control)Individuals
  who believe that what happens to them is
  controlled by outside forces such as luck or
  chance

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Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach) Degree to which an
individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional
distance, and believes that ends can justify means

• Conditions Favoring High Machs
• Direct interaction with others
• Minimal rules and regulations
• Emotions distract for others

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Narcissism

• A Narcissistic Person
• Has grandiose sense of self-importance
• Requires excessive admiration
• Has a sense of entitlement
• Is arrogant
• Tends to be rated as less effective

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Self-Monitoring
Self-Monitoring A personality trait that measures
an individuals ability to adjust his or her
behavior to external, situational factors

• High Self-Monitors
• Receive better performance ratings
• Likely to emerge as leaders
• Show less commitment to their organizations

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Risk-Taking

• High Risk-Taking Managers
• Make quicker decisions
• Use less information to make decisions
• Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial
  organizations
• Low Risk-Taking Managers
• Are slower to make decisions
• Require more information before making decisions
• Exist in larger organizations with stable
  environments
• Risk Propensity
• Aligning managers risk-taking propensity to job
  requirements should be beneficial to organizations

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Values

• Definition Mode of conduct or end state is
  personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is
  right and good)
• Terminal Values
• Desirable end states
• Instrumental Values
• The ways/means for achieving ones terminal
  values
• Value System A hierarchy based on a ranking of
  an individuals values in terms of their
  intensity

Note Values vary by cohort
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Importance of Values

• Provide understanding of the attitudes,
  motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
  cultures
• Influence our perception of the world around us
• Represent interpretations of right and wrong
• Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
  preferred over others

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Types of ValuesRokeach Value Survey
Terminal Values Desirable end-states of
existence the goals that a person would like to
achieve during his or her lifetime
Instrumental Values Preferable modes of behavior
or means of achieving ones terminal values
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Mean Value Rankings of Executives, Union Members,
and Activists
Source Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber,
The Values of Corporate Managers and Their
Critics An Empirical Description and Normative
Implications, in W. C. Frederick and L. E.
Preston (eds.) Business Ethics Research Issues
and Empirical Studies (Greenwich, CT JAI Press,
1990), pp. 12344.
E X H I B I T 4-4