Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

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Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind
and Behavior

• Charles T. Blair-Broeker
• Randal M. Ernst

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The Brain

• Module 08

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Phineas Gage

• Play The Frontal Lobes and Behavior The Story
  of Phineas Gage (1203) Module 25 from The
  Brain Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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Lower-Level Brain Structures The Brainstem

• Module 8 The Brain

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Brainstem

• The oldest part of the brain
• Is responsible for automatic survival functions
• Located where the spinal cord swells and the
  brain just begins

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Medulla

• The base of the brainstem
• Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat
  and breathing
• Damage to this area can lead to death.

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Brain Structures - Brainstem/Medulla

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2h from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Brain Structures - Brainstem/Medulla

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2i from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Reticular Formation

• A nerve network extending up and down the spinal
  cord into the brain
• Controls an organisms level of alertness
• Damage to this area can cause a coma.

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Lower-Level Brain Structures The Thalamus

• Module 8 The Brain

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Thalamus

• Sits atop the brainstem
• The brains sensory switchboard -- directs
  messages to the sensory receiving areas in the
  cortex
• Thalamus is Greek for inner chamber.

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Brain Structures - Thalamus

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2a from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Brain Structures - Thalamus

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2b from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Lower-Level Brain Structures The Cerebellum

• Module 8 The Brain

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Cerebellum

• Latin for the little brain
• Located in the rear of the brain
• Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance
• If damaged, the person could perform basic
  movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

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Brain Structures - Cerebellum

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2j from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

17
Brain Structures - Cerebellum

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2k from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Lower-Level Brain Structures The Limbic System

• Module 8 The Brain

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Limbic System

• A ring of structures around the thalamus at the
  border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex
• Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger,
  and thirst
• Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and
  amygdala

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Brain Structures Limbic System

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2g from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Hypothalamus

• Located directly under the front of the thalamus
• Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and
  the fight or flight reactions to stress
• Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual
  function

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Hypothalamus and Aggression

• Play Aggression, Violence, and the Brain (717)
  Module 24 from The Brain Teaching Modules (2nd
  edition).

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Hippocampus

• Wraps around the back of the thalamus
• Plays a role in processing new memories for
  permanent storage
• Looks something like a seahorse
• Hippo is Greek for horse.

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Amygdala

• Two almond shaped structures
• Controls emotional responses such as fear and
  anger

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Brain Structures Lower Brain

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2l from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Brain Structures Lower Brain

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2m from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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The Cerebral Cortex

• Module 8 The Brain

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Cerebral Cortex

• The bodys ultimate control and information
  processing center
• Covers the brains lower level structures
• Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells
• Divided into four lobes

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Corpus Callosum

• The large band of neural fibers that connects the
  two brain hemispheres and carries messages
  between them
• Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures

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Corpus Callosum

• Play Severed Corpus Callosum (1000) Segment 7
  from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition).

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Longitudinal Fissure

• The crevice that divides the brain into two
  halves or hemispheres
• This and other fissures in the brain create major
  divisions in the brain called lobes

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Frontal Lobes

• The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just
  behind the forehead
• Is involved in making plans and judgments

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The Frontal Lobe

• Play The Frontal Lobes Cognition and Awareness
  (905) Segment 7 from The Mind Psychology
  Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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Parietal Lobes

• Regions available for general processing,
  including mathematical reasoning
• Designated as the association lobes
• Behind the frontal lobes

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Occipital Lobe

• The primary visual processing area
• Located in the back of the head

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Temporal Lobes

• Includes the auditory cortex where sound
  information is processed
• Located roughly above the ears

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Brain Structures Cerebral Cortex

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2c from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

47
Brain Structures Cerebral Cortex

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2d from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

48
Brain Structures Cerebral Cortex

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2e from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

49
Brain Structures Cerebral Cortex

• Insert Brain Structures Video 2f from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Motor Cortex

• Area at the rear of the frontal lobes
• Controls voluntary movement
• Different parts of the cortex control different
  parts of the body.
• The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls
  the right side of the body and visa versa.

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Somatosensory Cortex

• Located in the front of the parietal lobes
• Registers and processes body senses
• Soma is Greek for body.

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Motor and Sensory Cortex

• Play Image-Guided Surgery (1307) Segment 6
  from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition).

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Hemispheric Differences

• Module 8 The Brain

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Hemispheric Differences

• Left-brained and right-brained debunked
• Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works
  as a single entity.
• Both sides continually communicate via the corpus
  callosum, except in those with split brains.

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Split Brain Patient

• Play The Divided Brain (646) Module 5 from
  The Brain Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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Hemispheric Differences Language and Spatial
Abilities

• Module 8 The Brain

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The Brains Left Hemisphere

• For most people, language functions are in the
  left hemisphere.
• For a small percentage of people, language
  functions are in the right hemisphere.

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Brocas Area

• Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the
  left hemisphere
• Responsible for the muscle movements of speech
• If damaged the person can form the ideas but
  cannot express them as speech

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PET Scan of Brocas Area
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Language and the Brain

• Play Language Centers in the Brain (339)
  Segment 16 from Psychology The Human
  Experience.

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Wernickes Area

• Located in the temporal lobe
• Involved in language comprehension and
  expression our ability to understand what is
  said to us
• Usually in the left temporal lobe

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PET Scan of Wernickes Area
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The Brains Right Hemisphere

• Houses the brains spatial abilities
• Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or
  organize things in a given space, judge distance,
  etc.
• Helps in making connections between words

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Brocas and Wernickes Areas

• Play Language and Speech Brocas and Wernickes
  Areas (744) Module 6 from The Brain Teaching
  Modules (2nd edition).

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Brain Specialization

• Insert Brain Imaging Video 2b from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Brain Plasticity

• Module 8 The Brain

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Plasticity

• The ability of the brain tissue to take on new
  functions
• Greatest in childhood
• Important if parts of the brain are damaged or
  destroyed

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Brain Plasticity

• If desired, play A Case Study of Brain Damage
  (518) Segment 4 from Psychology The Human
  Experience. This clip provides an introduction
  for segment 5 on Brain Plasticity.
• Play Brain Plasticity (621) Segment 5 from
  Psychology The Human Experience.

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Brain Plasticity

• Play Brain Anomaly and Plasticity
  Hydrocephalus (702) Module 7 from The Brain
  Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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The End
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