Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

1
Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind
and Behavior

• Charles T. Blair-Broeker
• Randal M. Ernst

2
States of Consciousness

• Chapter 09

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Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

• Module 20

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Introduction

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Consciousness

• Awareness of oneself and ones environment

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Body Rhythms

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Biological Rhythms

• Periodic physiological fluctuations
• Can affect physiological functioning
• Fall into three main categories
• Circadian Rhythms
• Ultradian Rhythms
• Infradian Rhythms

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Circadian Rhythms

• Biological rhythms that occur approximately every
  24 hours
• Example Sleep-wake cycle

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Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

• Play Sleep and Circadian Rhythms (609) Module
  13 from The Brain Teaching Modules (2nd
  edition).

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Circadian Rhythms

• Play Circadian Rhythms (358) Segment 9 from
  Psychology The Human Experience.

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Ultradian Rhythms

• Biological rhythms that occur more than once each
  day
• Example Stages of sleep throughout the night

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Infradian Rhythms

• Biological rhythms that occur once a month or
  once a season
• Example Womens menstrual cycle

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Biological Rhythms

• Play Can You Beat Jet Lag? (644) Segment 15
  from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition).

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Sleep and Sleep Deficit

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Sleep Deprivation Effects

• Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning
• Safety and accident issues
• Contributes to hypertension, impaired
  concentration, irritability, etc.

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Sleep Deprivation(National Transportation Safety
Board, 1995)
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Sleep Deprivation Studies

• Play Catching Catnaps (1145) Segment 13 from
  Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
  for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).

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Why We Sleep

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Hypothalamus

• Sleep control center in the brain
• Monitors changes in light or dark in the
  environment
• Changes levels of hormones in the body

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Melatonin

• A hormone that helps regulate daily biological
  rhythms
• Linked to the sleep-wake cycle
• Melatonin level increases during the night and
  decreases with exposure to morning light

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Reasons for Sleep

• Two primary reasons
• Preservation keep us protected from the dangers
  of the night
• Restoration recuperate from the wear and tear of
  the day

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Sleep Stages, REM, and DreamingThe Stages of
Sleep

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Electroencephalograph (EEG)

• A machine that amplifies and records waves of
  electrical activity that sweep across the brains
  surface
• Electrodes are placed on the persons scalp to
  measure the waves
• Used as a means to measure the stages of sleep

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EEG
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Stage 1 Sleep

• Breathing is slowed.
• Brain waves become irregular.
• It is easy to wake the person, who will insist
  they are not asleep.
• Person will report they have dreamlike
  sensations, such as falling.

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Stage 1
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Stages of Sleep
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Stage 1
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Stage 2 Sleep

• Brain wave cycle slows.
• EEG spindles (small brain wave bursts) develop.
• First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

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Stage 2
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Stages 3 and 4 Sleep

• Increase in delta waves (large and slow waves per
  second)
• First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes
  and is where one gets rejuvenated

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Stage 3
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Stage 4
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Sleep

• Play Sleep Brain Functions (1112) Module 14
  from The Brain Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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Sleep Stages, REM, and DreamingREM Sleep

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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REM Sleep

• Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non-REM sleep)
• Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move
  quickly back and forth
• Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep

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REM Sleep
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Paradoxical Sleep

• During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar
  to when a person is awake
• Pulse and breathing quickens.
• REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep
  as ones physiology is close to that of being
  awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

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REM Sleep

• Play REM Sleep and Dreams (823) Module 15
  from The Brain Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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Typical Nights Sleep
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Stage 4/REM Changes
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Sleep Changes through Life
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Sleep Stages, REM, and DreamingWhy Do We Dream?

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Information-Processing Theory

• Dreams serve an important memory- related
  function by sorting and sifting through the days
  experiences
• Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

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Physiological Function Theory

• Neural activity during REM sleep provides
  periodic stimulation of the brain.

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Activation-Synthesis Theory

• Dreams are the minds attempt to make sense of
  random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

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Dream Research

• Play Whats in a Dream? (1300) Segment 14
  from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition).

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Sleep Disorders and Sleep ProblemsInsomnia

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Insomnia

• Recurring problems falling asleep or staying
  asleep
• Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM
  sleep worsen the problem
• Alcohol suppresses REM sleep also worsens the
  problem
• Studies show most people overestimate how long it
  took them to get to sleep

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Sleep Disorders and Sleep ProblemsSleep Apnea

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Sleep Apnea

• A sleep disorder characterized by temporary
  cessations of breathing during sleep and
  consequent momentary reawakenings.
• Tend to be loud snorers
• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

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Sleep Disorders and Sleep ProblemsNarcolepsy

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Narcolepsy

• A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable
  sleep attacks
• Person goes directly into REM sleep
• Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger
  the sleep attack

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Sleep Disorders and Sleep ProblemsOther Sleep
Problems

• Module 20 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

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Somnambulism

• Formal name for sleepwalking
• Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep
• Person can walk or talk but remembers nothing of
  the experience

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Night Terrors

• Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and
  appearance of being terrified
• Happens during stage 4 sleep mostly children
• The children seldom remember the event.

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Other Sleep Disorders

• Bruxism teeth grinding
• Enuresis bed wetting
• Myoclonus sudden jerk of a body part occurring
  during stage 1 sleep
• Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

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The End