Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

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Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind
and Behavior

• Charles T. Blair-Broeker
• Randal M. Ernst

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Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

• Module 24

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The Nature of Intelligence

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Intelligence

• The ability to learn from experience, solve
  problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new
  situation
• Is intelligence one thing or are there multiple
  intelligences?

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The Nature of IntelligenceHoward Gardner

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Howard Gardner (1943- )

• Author of a contemporary theory of multiple
  intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds
  of intelligence

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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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Gardners Types of Intelligence
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The Nature of IntelligenceRobert Sternberg

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Robert Sternberg (1949- )

• Author of a contemporary theory of multiple
  intelligences consisting of
• analytic,
• creative, and
• practical intelligence

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Sternbergs Types of Intelligence
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Sternbergs Types of Intelligence
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Sternbergs Types of Intelligence
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The Nature of IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Emotional Intelligence

• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
  regulate emotions
• People high in emotional intelligence are more in
  touch with their feelings and the feelings of
  others.

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Charles Spearman (1863-1945)

• Theorized that a general intelligence factor (g)
  underlies other, more specific aspects of
  intelligence

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General Intelligence (g)

• General intelligence factor that Spearman
  believed underlies specific mental abilities and
  is therefore measured by every task on an
  intelligence test

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Intelligence TestingAlfred Binet

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Intelligence Testing

• Play Pros and Cons of Intelligence Tests (629)
  Segment 17 from Psychology The Human
  Experience.
• This segment can be shown at any point in
  discussing IQ testing. It could be used as a
  good introduction or conclusion to the topic.

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Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

• Developer of the first test to classify
  childrens abilities using the concept of mental
  age
• Assumed childrens intellectual abilities grew
  every year

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Mental Age

• The chronological age that corresponds to the
  difficulty of the questions a child can answer
• An average 8-year-old child should have the
  mental age of 8 years.

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Chronological Age

• The actual age of a person

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Intelligence TestingLewis Terman

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Lewis Terman (1877-1956)

• Adapted Binets tests for use in the United
  States as the Stanford-Binet intelligence test
• The test reported intelligence as a calculated
  IQ score.

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

• The number that results from Terman and Sterns
  formula for computing the level of a persons
  intelligence
• IQ (MA/CA) X 100
• A score of 100 would be considered average
• Formula has been replaced with modern versions

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Intelligence TestingDavid Wechsler

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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David Wechsler (1896-1981)

• Developed the Wechsler intelligence scales which
  included
• Different tests for different age groups
• Separate verbal and nonverbal scores
• Subtests and subtest scores

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Intelligence TestingGroup Tests

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Group Intelligence Test

• Originally designed for the army in World War I
• Can be given to large numbers of people
• Those supervising the test do not need extensive
  training
• Are very easy to score
• Not the most reliable

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Test ConstructionAchievement and Aptitude Tests

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Achievement Tests

• Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker
  has accomplished
• i.e. classroom tests at the end of a unit

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Aptitude Tests

• Tests that attempt to predict the test-takers
  future performance
• Examples ACT and SAT

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Test ConstructionReliability and Validity

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Test Reliability

• The extent to which a test yields consistent
  results

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Types of Reliability

• Test-retest reliability - taking the same test
  and receiving a similar score
• Split-half - the score on one half of a tests
  questions is similar to the score on the other
  half
• Scorer reliability the score of the test should
  be similar no matter which scorer is scoring the
  test

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Test Validity

• The extent to which a test measures or predicts
  what it is suppose to
• Does an achievement test accurately measure
  accomplishments?
• Does an aptitude test accurately measure the
  persons future performance?
• One needs to know the purpose of the test

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Module 24 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Group Differences in Testing

• A number of studies show scoring differences
  between different racial, ethnic, and gender
  groups.
• Are these differences due to nature or to
  nurture? Studies suggest environment is playing a
  heavy role.
• Heredity and environment interact to produce
  intelligence in individuals.

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Title

• Play Intelligence and Culture (402) Module 4
  from The Brain Teaching Modules (2nd edition).

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The End