The Rise of Russia Chapter 18

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The Rise of RussiaChapter 18
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Map Exercise 18.1Russian Expansion under the
early Tsars, 1462-1548 (page 407)Russia under
Peter the Great (page 509)

• 1. What city-state formed the core of the Russian
  Empire?
• 2. Where did Russia expand first? Later?
• 3. How would you describe Siberia?
• 4. What lands has Russia acquired since 1598?

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Map Exercise 18.2Russian Holdings by 1800 (page
414)

• 1. Using the map at the back of the book, how
  have geography, climate distance directed and
  limited Russian expansion?
• 2. How might geography, climate distance affect
  the governance of Russia?
• 3. Using the map on 325 409, what states
  probably opposed Russian expansion?

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Expansionism under the Tsars
Ivan lll (the Great) from Moscow liberate from
Mongols - used nationalism Orthodox
loyalties - by 1480, large, independent state
Mongol Legacy
- reduced culture economy - left local
administration alone
literacy declines economy agricultural
Russia is 3rd Rome
Ivan restores centralized rule - supervises
church
Ivan lV (the Terrible) - kills nobility (boyars)
on charge of conspiracy
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Patterns of Expansion
focus on Central Asia - To Caspian Sea Ural
Mountains
1500s to Siberia
Cossacks (peasant adventurers) - occupy new lands
nobles bureaucrats receive land grants in
territories
increases agricultural lands labor sources
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slavery exists until 1700s
trading connections with Asian neighbors
eliminate independent Central Asia as source of
nomadic invasions
becomes a multicultural state
Muslims not forced to assimilate to Russian
culture
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Western Contact
tsars carefully manage contacts with West (know
they are behind)
diplomatic missions establish trading contacts
(with British merchants)
Italian artists build churches Kremlin
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Time of Troubles
boyars try to control government Sweden Poland
seize territory
1613 chose a Romanov to be tsar
no lasting constraints on tsars powers
tsar Michael restores internal order - drive out
foreign invaders
expansion Ukraine - south to Ottoman borders
tsar Alexis abolishes assemblies - restores
state control of church
exiles Old Believers to Siberia
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First Westernization, 1690-1790
land empire
Peter the Great - change economy culture -
imitate Western ideas - he traveled to West
brought artisans back
autocratic ruler
hostilities with Ottomans
increased power of the state - western-style
military - secret police

• defeat Sweden for Baltic port
• helps Russia become a factor in
• European affairs

capital St. Petersburg
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Westernization
influenced politics, economics, culture
bureaucracy military reorganized - navy
created - council of nobles eliminated
provincial governors town councils under royal
authority
law codes systemized tax system reformed
(increased burden on peasants)
rewards for using serfs in manufacturing
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no more importing of military needs
culture reforms - change old customs - nobles
shave beards, wear western style clothes
increase education in technical subjects math
elite do become westernized - position of
upper class women improves
changes dont include ordinary people
changes resisted
Westernization encouraged autocratic rule
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Catherine the Great
change resumes under her rule (1762-1796)
Pugachev peasant rebellion led to extending
central authority
brought enlightenment ideas to Russia
more interested in strong central (royal)
authority
nobles receive new power over serfs
banned foreign domestic political writing
(French Revolution)
territories in Central Asia gained form Ottomans
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pushed colonization in Siberia claimed Alaska
explored western coast of North America
helped partition Poland
still worlds greatest land empire
tsars had completed creating a strong central
state
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Russian society actually very different from West
serfdom strong peasant culture
Russian nobility important
small group of great landholders lived Western
style lives in cities
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Serfs
before Mongols peasants relatively free
1500s encourage serfdom to control them
1649 serfdom hereditary
other laws tie serfs to land, give landlords more
authority
bought, sold, punished
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Eastern Europe peasants similar - work on large
estates growing grain for export
owners then bought luxury goods
few rights village governments control part of
life
poor illiterate pay high taxes
condition deteriorates throughout 1700s
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Trade Economics
95 population rural
few artisans (most manufacturing rural based)
most trade handled by Westerners - few merchants
Peters reforms increase trade - yet nobility
prevent a strong commercial class
ag manufacturing methods remain traditional
strengths revenue good enough for expanding
empire
commerce with Central Asia
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Social Unrest
end of 1700s - reformers
criticism of backwardness urge end of serfdom
peasants unhappy - blame landlords - stay loyal
to tsar
rebellion Pugachev in 1770s
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How did the Mongol occupation affect Russian
Civilization?

• Moscow princes gained political experience from
  being tax collectors for Mongols
• never reshaped basic Russian values (Mongols more
  interested in tributes not governing)
• most remained Christian
• local issues handled locally
• reduced vigor of Russian cultural life
• lowered literacy among priests
• economic life deteriorated (become purely
  agricultural)
• dependent on peasant labor

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What was the nature of Russian expansion under
the Ivans?

• focus on central Asia
• desire to push former Mongol overlords back
• south to Caspian Sea, east to Ural mountains
  beyond
• recruited peasants to migrate to seized land
  (Cossacks)
• expansion territories have frontier quality
• move into western Siberia
• offers tsars a way to reward loyal nobles (give
  them estates in new territories)
• provides new agricultural areas sources of
  labor
• eliminates independent central Asia
• adds to Russia diverse people especially Muslim
  (makes it multicultural)

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What was the extent of Westernization under Peter
the Great?

• streamline bureaucracy military structure
• improve armys weaponry, build navy
• provincial governors appointed, town councils
  elected
• systemized law codes, revise tax system
• build up mining metal industries (means to
  maintain military on own)
• no urbanizing or growing commercial class
• cut off Russian elite from traditions, enhance
  state power
• culture cut off beards, western style clothes,
  ballet
• provide more education in math technical
  subjects
• improve conditions of upper class women
• selective changes (didnt affect ordinary people)
• no wage labor, export economy
• economic development to support military not
  commercial

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What was the extent of Westernization under
Catherine the Great?

• Western style art architecture
• have nobles tour West be educated there
• tried to avoid cultural influences from West
• involvement in European affairs partitioning of
  Poland
• looked into ideas of enlightenment, imported
  French philosophers
• reform commissions to discuss new law codes
• didnt do as much Westernization as Peter

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What was the nature of Russian serfdom?

• power of nobility increases 1600 1700s
• gives government a way to satisfy nobility
  regulate peasants when govt. didnt have the
  means to rule peasants directly
• had been basically free farmers before Mongols
• serfs tied to land, hereditary status, born to it
• close to slavery, serfs could be bought sold,
  punished, essentially enslave their own people
• whole villages could be sold as manufacturing
  labor
• did use village governments to regulate lives,
  rely on community ties
• illiterate poor
• paid high taxes, owed labor to landlords or
  government (obrok)
• economic legal situation of the peasantry
  deteriorated
• Catherine turned government of the serfs to
  landlords

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Why did Russia become economically dependent on
the West?

• 95 population rural
• very small merchant class
• European trade handled by Westerners
• shipping by Westerners
• nobility prevents emergence of merchant class
• export of raw materials small manufacturing
• agricultural methods very traditional
• little motivation among peasantry for improvement
  (never saw any of the gains)

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What is the basis for the culture of the Russian
masses?

• Orthodox Christianity
• village life
• serfdom
• agriculture
• taxes

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What characteristics did Eastern Europe share
with Russia?

• coerced labor used to produce grain for export
• Western merchants bring in manufactured goods
  luxury items
• serfs taxed policed by landlords
• intensification of estate agriculture serf
  labor
• eastern Europe starts to be economically
  subordinate to the West

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Discuss the similarities differences between
the development of the Russian Empire from
1480-1800 the expansion of the west during the
same period.

• both based on military superiority over less
  technically advanced people
• economic zones along the frontiers a colonial
  system incorporating ethnic diversity resulted
• Russian different created a land-based empire,
  lacked mercantile ships or navy
• failed to achieve economic parity with West
• did not cause demographic disaster like in the
  Americas
• did not establish economic dominance over
  frontiers
• failed to develop merchant class, state in charge
  of capitalizing ventures
• retention of an agricultural system more like
  dependent economic zone
• retained coercive labor system, depended on
  export of raw materials imported manufactured
  goods

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Discuss the impact of Westernization in Russia
during the 17th 18th c. whether the process
overcame the separation of Russia the West.

• introduced Western art forms, mandated Western
  style clothing
• Western style political organization used to
  establish a tsarist autocracy
• economic reforms enabled development of industry
  essential to military
• economic development based on exploitation of
  peasants
• Westernization failed to overcome separation b/t
  Russia West b/c reforms only affected nobility
• masses rely on Orthodox Church for cultural
  influence
• retained rigid serfdom (unlike development of
  proletariat in West)
• drawn toward global trading network as a
  dependent zone