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Chapter 14 Revolutions and Nationalism

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Title: Chapter 14 Revolutions and Nationalism


1
Chapter 14Revolutions and Nationalism
Kai-shek
2
Russia
  • Czar Alexander II is assassinated by
    revolutionaries because of slow change
  • Czar Alexander III takes over (1881)
  • resists change kept absolute authority
    (Autocracy)
  • Strict Censorship
  • Only allowed Russian orthodox religion
  • Only Russian language allowed
  • Oppressed other national groups within Russia
  • Pogroms organized violence against Jews

Anyone who argues is sent to the gulags in
Siberia
3
Russia Industrializes
  • Number of Factories doubled between 1863-1899
  • Industrialization causes discontent over working
    conditions, low wages, child labor.
  • The government outlawed unions.
  • Workers organize strikes

4
Revolutionary Movement Grows
  • Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known as Lenin, will
    lead a Marxist group of revolutionaries.
  • He believes Marxs theory that the workers of a
    country will rise to overthrow the czar and
    bourgeoisie. The workers will share all wealth
    with everyone equal.
  • The workers were known as the Proletariat.
  • Lenin will lead a radical group of Marxists known
    as the Bolsheviks. He will be exiled to
    Germany in early 1900s.

5
Trouble in Russia
  • The Russo Japanese War (1904)
  • Russia and Japan will compete for control of
    Korea Manchuria.
  • Signed an agreement over land, Russia breaks it
  • Russia will move to attack Japan
  • After 6 months to travel to Japan, the Russian
    navy is defeated in one day.

6
  • Bloody Sunday
  • Czar Nicholas II came to power in 1894
  • (Alexander IIIs son)
  • On January 22, 1905, 200,000 workers will march
    on the Czar Nicholas II Winter Palace in St.
    Petersburg to ask for better working conditions,
    more personal freedoms, an elected legislature
  • The soldiers protecting
  • the palace fire upon the
  • crowd.
  • Over 500 were killed,
  • thousands wounded.

7
World War I The Final Blow
  • Russia was unprepared to handle the military and
    economic costs.
  • Nicholas goes to the front and leaves Czarina
    Alexandra to run the government.
  • Czarina listens to Rasputin and lets him make
    some political decisions
  • 1.7 million soldiers die in battle.

8
  • Soldiers begin to mutiny, desert, and ignore
    orders.
  • Everywhere food and fuel supplies were running
    short.
  • Russians from all classes call for an end to the
    war.

9
The March Revolution
  • In March 1917, strikes expand. Soldiers refuse to
    fire on the workers.
  • Nicholas abdicates his throne. 300 years of
    czarist rule comes to an end. 1 year later Czar
    and his family are executed.
  • Provisional, temporary, government is
    established.
  • Soviets- local councils made up of workers,
    peasants and soldiers.
  • In 1917, Germany sends Lenin back to Russia in a
    boxcar hoping he will create problems in Russia
    and hurt Russias effort in the war.

10
The Bolshevik Revolution
  • Lenin calls for Land, Peace, and Bread
  • All power to the people. The worlds first
    communist government is created.
  • November 1917, 10 days that shook the world
    Lenin and the Bolsheviks take control of the
    government.
  • Lenin sends Leon Trotsky to Germany to sign the
    Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to get Russia out of the
    war. (March 1918)

11
Lenin takes control
  • Civil war breaks out in Russia, 1918-1920.
  • Lenins Red army vs. Allied White army.
  • Lenins Red army wins the Civil War that leaves
    14 million dead.
  • All farmland is distributed among the peasants.
  • Control of the factories to the workers.
  • A state-controlled society is established.

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Lenin Restores Order
  • NEP New Economic Policy, 1921.
  • Russia is organized into several self-governing
    republics under a national government.
  • Russia is renamed Union of Soviet Socialist
    Republics (USSR).
  • Lenin moves the capital to Moscow in 1918
  • Bolsheviks rename their party the Communist
    Party.
  • In 1922, Lenin suffered a stroke. He died in
    1924.
  • Buried in
  • Red Square.

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Stalin Becomes Dictator
  • Joseph Stalin, man of steel, will climb to lead
    the party upon Lenins death .
  • By 1928, Russias farms and factories are
    productive again.
  • Stalin is in total command of Communist Party.

16
Totalitarianism
  • Definition
  • A form of government in which the national
    government takes total control of all aspect of
    life, both public and private.

17
Dynamic Leader
Police Terror
Propaganda
Totalitarianism
Censorship
Indoctrination Or Education
Religious Or Ethnic Persecution
18
6 Key Traits of Totalitarianism
  • Dynamic Leader
  • A leader who unites the people, persuasive,
    devises methods to keep control, usually through
    force, justifies their actions as beneficial for
    the state
  • 2. Police Terror
  • Secret police enforce the governments
    policies, no one allowed to criticize, people
    always live in fear of imprisonment or death,
    police intimidate people

19
  • 3. Indoctrination
  • Government shapes peoples minds through
    slanted education. They control what is taught.
    Children learn the virtues of communism.
    Brainwashed
  • 4. Censorship
  • Government controls all newspapers, radios
    and television. All art is censored unless it
    glorifies the state.

20
  • 5. Propaganda
  • Biased or incomplete information aimed at
    making people accept certain beliefs, opinions or
    actions. Mass communication spreads propaganda
    information.
  • 6. Religious or Ethnic Persecution
  • Ethnic minorities or religious groups become
    enemies of the state and are blamed for things
    that go wrong. Often no religion allowed. Groups
    subjected to terror and violence.

21
Totalitarian Leadersin the 20th century
  • Benito Mussolini (Italy) 1925-1943
  • Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 1929-1953
  • Adolf Hitler (Germany) 1933-1945
  • Kim IL Sung (North Korea) 1948-1994
  • Saddam Hussein (Iraq) 1979-2003

22
Joseph Stalin
  • Lenins successor
  • Controlled not only the government but also the
    economy and citizens private lives.
  • Created a police state secret police arrested
    and executed anyone suspected of being a
    traitor, no one safe, informers everywhere

23
Stalin Controlled the Economy
  • Command Economy
  • the government makes all economic decisions,
    allocating materials and workers for desired
    production
  • Five-Year Plans
  • the government set 5-year quotas, resulted in
    huge industrial growth but a shortage of consumer
    goods (housing, food, clothing and other
    necessary goods)

24
  • Collective farms
  • the government seized privately owned farms to
    create large government owned farms, produced
    food for the state
  • Peasants fought the taking of their land,
    especially the Kulaks in the Ukraine. They will
    destroy their farms and crops rather than give
    them up to the government
  • Stalin declared that Kulaks be liquidated,
    more than 3 million were shot or exiled.
  • Some 6 million more Soviets died from
    artificial famine that resulted from the
    destruction of crops and animals.
  • genocide- The systematic and planned
    extermination of an entire national, racial,
    political, or ethnic group.

25
Total Control
  • By mid-1930, Stalin had transformed the Soviet
    Union into a totalitarian regime and a industrial
    and political world power .
  • People were better educated and skilled.
  • Women gained rights, considered equals.
  • But there were no personal freedoms, consumer
    goods were in short-supply and dissent was
    prohibited.
  • An estimated 20 million people were killed under
    Stalin.

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Section 3Imperial China Collapses
  • China was ruled by Emperors, each heading a
    Dynasty.
  • They were self-sufficient, needing nothing from
    the outside world.
  • Unwilling to trade with outsiders, English
    traders found the one item China did not have
    Opium.
  • Addicted to this narcotic, China was forced to
    open their doors to outsiders.

29
  • After a period of imperialism, Chinese people
    resented outsiders controlling its trade and
    economic resources.
  • They will call for modernization and look to
    establish a republic.
  • Republic- representative government ruled by the
    people.

30
Nationalist Party - Kuomintang
  • Believes in modernization and nationalism.
  • Sun Yixian - First leader of Nationalist Party
    (1912)
  • Builds up army and navy, constructed new
    factories, and reformed education.

31
Suns Goals
  • Nationalism put an end to foreign control
  • Democracy representative government, people
    hold the power
  • Economic security build industry to end
    dependence on other countries

32
May Fourth Movement
  • China enters into WWI with the Allies hoping to
    gain territories it had lost to Germany but the
    Treaty of Versailles gave the land to Japan.
  • May 4, 1919 - 3,000 students protest the
    agreement in Tiananmen Square.
  • Many are discouraged and turn to Marx
  • and Lenin for inspiration.

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Communist China
  • Mao Zedong will form the
  • Chinese Communist Party.
  • Unlike Marx, he believes
  • the peasants would lead the revolution.
  • Initially the Nationalist and Communist groups
    will combine but eventually they will break
    apart.

35
  • Jiang Jieshi Nationalist
  • Leader after Sun dies- 1925.
  • Formerly called Chiang Kai-shek
  • The son of a banker, he opposes communism and
    Mao.
  • He promises democracy and political rights to all
    Chinese.
  • Many peasants turn to Communism seeing no
    improvement under Jiangs plan.

36
Civil War 1930-1938
  • Communist and nationalists troops will fight .
  • Communist Mao Zedong
  • Nationalists Jiang Jieshi
  • Communists are nearly wiped out but will survive
    and return supported by Communist Russia.

37
Japan Invades China
  • Japan invades Manchuria (1931)
  • Seeing chaos in China, Japan launches an invasion
    in 1937.
  • Japan will bomb cities killing thousands.
  • Destruction of farms will kill more from
    starvation.
  • Nationalists and Communists will join forces to
    fight Japan bringing a temporary halt to the
    civil war. They will fight again following WWII.

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39
Section 4Nationalism in India andSouthwest Asia
40
India
  • Millions of Indians enlisted in the British army
    during WWI.
  • The British government had promised reforms
    leading to self-rule.
  • When they did not, radical nationalists acted out
    against British rule.

41
Rowlatt Acts
  • To end protest, Britain would jail protestors for
    up to two years without trial. They also banned
    public meetings.
  • To Western educated Indians, denial of a trial by
    jury violated their individual rights.
  • 10,000 Muslims and Hindus marched to Amritsar
    intending to fast and pray.
  • Amritsar Massacre The British army opened fire
    and over 400 Indians were killed, many more
    wounded. (April 13, 1919)
  • Two groups form to rid India of foreign rule
    Hindu National Congress

    Muslim Muslim League

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Mohandas Gandhi
  • Educated as a lawyer in Britain, Gandhi will lead
    the independence movement.
  • He saw nonviolence and civil disobedience as a
    way to achieve independence.
  • Civil Disobedience the deliberate and public
    refusal to obey an unjust law.

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Examples of civil disobedience
  • Boycott refuse to buy British goods, dont
    attend British schools or pay British taxes.
    Weave own cloth. Boycott into British economy and
    textile industry.
  • Peaceful marches and demonstrations. All
    demonstrators were arrested.
  • Overcrowded jails, factories closed, trains
    stopped.
  • Gandhi leads hunger strikes.

46
The Salt March
  • Britain establishes that Indians must buy their
    salt from government stores and pay tax on it.
  • Gandhi leads a 240 mile march to the sea to
    collect his own salt.
  • Demonstrators march to salt factories, beaten by
    police officers. Worldwide attention given to
    Indias fight for independence.
  • By 1935, outside-world puts pressure on Britain.
    Britain issues The Government of India Act
    granting India some limited self-rule but not
    independence.
  • Tensions will mount between Hindus and Muslims

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  • India gets independence from Great Britain
  • In August 1947
  • Was under British Rule for 89 yrs
  • Gandhi is assassinated January 30, 1948
  • The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu
    nationalist with links to the extremists, who
    held Gandhi responsible for weakening India

Gandhi's ashes at Aga Khan Palace (Pune, India).
50
Middle East
51
Turkey
  • Mustafa Kemel
  • The Father of Modern Turkey, Turkish general
    who overthrows the Ottoman sultan to become
    president of the Republic of Turkey. (1923)
  • Issued many reforms
  • Separated church (Islam) and state
  • Created a legal system based on European law
  • Granted women right to vote and hold political
    office
  • Started government funded programs to
    industrialize Turkey.

52
Persia becomes Iran
  • In 1935 following WWI, Persia will unite
    nationally to create the nation of Iran under
    Reza Shah Pahlavi.
  • He will establish schools,build roads and
    railroads, industrialize and extend womens
    rights.
  • He established an authoritarian government based
    on nationalism, militarism, secularism and
    anti-communism combined with strict censorship
    and state propaganda.

53
Saudi Arabia
  • Arabia will unite to become a strict Islamic
    nation.
  • It will be renamed Saudi Arabia after the House
    or Family of Saud. (1932)
  • Saudi Arabias government will be based on
    custom, religion and family ties.

54
Oil Fields
  • During the 1920s and 1930s European and American
    companies discovered large oil deposits in Iran,
    Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
  • Geologists discovered that this area contains
    two-thirds of the worlds known supply of oil.
  • Because of huge oil profits, Western nations
    tried to dominate this region

55
  • http//www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/saudi/oil.
    html

56
Post World War IThe Great Depression
57
Post WWI
  • Only the United States and Japan were in sound
    financial shape.
  • War-torn Europe and Asia would struggle to
    rebuild their countries with new governments.
  • Countries were not used to managing without their
    monarchs/ emperors/ czars.

58
  • Coalition governments - temporary alliance of
    several parties. Many would try democracy.
    Seldom lasted long.
  • Too many political parties would prevent an
    effective government from taking control.
    (Unstable)
  • Frequent changes in government create
    instability.

59
The Weimar Republic
  • Weimar Republic Germanys new government in
    1919 following WWI
  • Weak because of many different political
    parties.
  • Government was blamed for postwar humiliation
    caused by Treaty of Versailles.
  • Germany's reparation payments send Germany into
    depression
  • America helps by giving financial loans to
    Germany.
  • (Dawes Plan- 200 million) 1924

60
A Worldwide Depression
61
Causes of the Depression
  • 1. Unequal distribution of wealth
  • Rising productivity resulted in great wealth but
    only for a small percent
  • Most families earned less than 2000 and couldnt
    afford to make purchases.
  • Store owners cut back on orders.
  • Factories produced less and laid workers off.
    (Cycle continues)

62
  • 2. Crisis in Agriculture
  • American farmers produced more than was able to
    be purchased. Farmers couldnt repay loans and
    lost their farms.
  • 3. Credit
  • Consumers agreed to buy now and pay later.
    Paying a small amount down and taking a loan for
    the balance.

63
Great Depression
  • A long worldwide business slump following a stock
    market crash in the United States
  • October 29, 1929
  • Black Tuesday
  • Lasted from 1929-1940

64
  • 30 unemployment
  • Banks and businesses failed worldwide
  • 9 million people lost their savings
  • One-third of all workers lost their jobs
  • Government had to supply people with food and
    shelter
  • President at the start of the Great Depression
    was Herbert Hoover
  • 1932 Franklin Roosevelt is elected President
  • New Deal- FDRs economic reform program designed
    to solve the problems created by the Great
    Depression

65
Employment Agency
66
SHANTY TOWN
67
FOOD LINE
68
Dust Bowl
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Global Depression
  • The US forced to call in loans from around the
    world.
  • Investors withdrew their money from Europe
  • US created high tariffs for imported goods
    causing the economies of other countries to fail.
  • Germany and Austria especially hard hit.

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