AP World History Chapter 9

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AP World HistoryChapter 9

• Civilization in Eastern Europe
• Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

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Byzantine Rise to Power330 C.E. to 1453 C.E.

• Diocletian Reforms
• Split the Roman Empire into four quadrants. Two
  governed by Caesars and two governed by deputy
  Caesars.
• Constantine is made a Caesar at the death of his
  father while in the province of Britain.
• Constantine I or Constantine the Great
• Constantine has a dream where he is told to mark
  the heavenly sign of God on his soldiers
  shields. 313 C.E.
• Defeated Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian
  Bridge. 313 C.E.
• Signed The Edict of Milan allowing worship of
  Christ. 313 C.E.
• Called for a council of Bishops to formulate the
  doctrine of the Trinity Council of Nicaea. 323
  C.E.
• Split the Roman empire for the last time with one
  capital in Rome and the other in Constantinople.
  330 C.E

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Byzantine Rise to Power330 C.E. to 1453 C.E.

• Justinian expands the Byzantine Empire by
  re-conquering territories in Italy and Spain.
• The Byzantine general Belisarius might be the
  greatest general who ever lived. He had success
  despite varying levels of support from Justinian.
  Often he is referred to as the Last of the
  Romans.

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Byzantine, (Political) PERSIA

• The Empire is split into two parts, to make it
  easier to govern.
• The Roman Legal Code was adopted later re-written
  in Greek.
• The Byzantine political system had remarkable
  similarities to China.
• They had an elaborate bureaucracy to administer
  the government.

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Byzantine, (Economic) PERSIA

• The Byzantine economy was one of the greatest in
  the world for centuries. Some scholars believe
  that the Byzantine economy was the greatest in
  the world until the Arab conquests.
• The Empire controlled both internal and external
  trade.
• The Empire also controlled coinage.
• The Byzantine empire traded silk from China using
  the silk road and spice from India using the
  Indian Ocean trading routes.

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Byzantine, (Religion) PERSIA

• Concept
• The emperor was held to be ordained of God, he
  was the head of the church as well as the state.
• History
• Constantinople was given many holy relics, The
  True Cross, and the Rod of Moses.
• The Church of the Holy Apostles was built on the
  site of the Temple of Aphrodite.
• Constantine's mother was a Christian from the
  days of his youth.
• Constantine instructed that both Christian and
  non-Christian worship on the day of the sun to
  further unite the empire.
• The Hagia Sophia was built by Emperor Justinian.
  537 C.E.
• Religious split with Roman Catholic church in
  1053 C.E. when the Pope attempted to impose his
  claim as head of the church.
• In response the Patriarch of Constantinople
  closed the Latin churches. 1054 C.E.

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http//www.3dmekanlar.com/en/hagia-sophia.html
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Byzantine, (Social) PERSIA

• Powerful women were common in the Byzantine
  empire. Women like Theodora the wife of
  Justinian.
• Women could serve as emperor. In 797 B.C.E Irene
  of Athens became Empress-regent.

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Byzantine, (Intellectual) PERSIA

• The Byzantine Empire preserved the books of the
  classical age through the middle ages or dark
  ages. The classical philosophies were taught at
  the University of Constantinople and Academies
  all over the empire.
• Complex math was used to create the Hagia Sophia.
  
• Byzantine medicine was very advanced and had an
  influence on Islamic medicine as well as the
  medicine of the Renaissance.
• Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the
  Byzantine Empire. It was instrumental in the
  destruction of two Arab sieges. It was invented
  in 672 B.C.E

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Byzantine, (Intellectual) PERSIA

• During the 14th century just prior to the
  destruction of Constantinople the Byzantine
  culture was in a period of intense creative
  activity.
• Byzantine humanism approached its zenith and was
  very similar to Italian humanism later.
• Despite the political and military decline of
  these last two centuries the Empire saw a
  flourishing of science and literature, often
  described as the Palaeologean or Last
  Byzantine Renaissance.
• In the final century of the Empire the study of
  astronomy, and other mathematical sciences, and
  medicine attracted the interest of almost all
  scholars.
• The final year saw the great schism of the church
  being healed and the last Mas held in the Hagia
  Sophia in Latin and Greek.

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Byzantine, (Area) PERSIA

• Multicultural Empire that incorporated many
  different religions and cultures.
• At its greatest extent it stretched from Spain in
  the West, Mesopotamia in the East, Kiev in the
  North, and Egypt in the South.
• The capital was centrally located on very
  efficient sea lanes.
• The Empire reached its largest geographic sphere
  of influence during Justinian's Reign. The gains
  were short lived and some territory was lost
  under further barbarian invasions of Italy.
• The Empire had a slow decline in geographic space
  much like a tide coming in out of the ocean.
• This slow decline was do to multiple Islamic
  invasions from many different caliphates.
• The Byzantines were the transmitters of medical
  technology to and from the Arab world.

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Byzantine Decline from Power

• Military losses to Arab Muslim forces and the
  forced conversion of Byzantine citizens led to a
  loss of territory. This territory typically
  represented a loss of tax revenue.
• The Fourth Crusade was hijacked by the Dodge of
  Venice Enrico Dandolo. He said he would provide
  the ships to Egypt if they sacked the Christian
  city of Zara.
• The Crusaders sacked the city of Constantinople
  in 1204 C.E. The Pope excommunicated the
  crusaders in response.
• The final end came in 1453 C.E. by the Islamic
  invasion of Ottoman Turks. They sacked the city
  killed every male in the city, raped the women,
  and sold the women and children into slavery.

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Gun Powder Armies
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Eastern Orthodox Church

• In 1054 a longstanding disagreement came to a
  head, and the Christian church split into two
  groups.
• The Western or Roman Catholic, and Eastern or
  Orthodox Catholic.
• The Byzantine Empire goes into slow decline.

1071 Byzantine defeat in Asia 1204 Constantinople
sacked by Crusaders 1453 Constantinople taken by
Ottoman Turks
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Orthodox Missionaries

• Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread northward
  into Russia and the Balkans, and created a new
  alphabet, Cyrillic.
• Cyril and Methodius are the two most famous of
  the missionaries.

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Kievan Rus

• Kiev began as a city along the trade route
  between Scandinavia and Constantinople.
• One of the early leaders of the city Vladimir
  converted to Orthodox Christianity around 1000
  A.D.
• The City State soon developed its own version of
  Russian Orthodox Christianity.

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The Emergence of Kievan Rus'

• Slavs from Asia
• Iron working, extend agriculture
• Mix with earlier populations
• Family tribes, villages
• Kingdoms
• Animistic
• Scandinavian merchants
• Trade with Byzantines
• Trade with Northerners
• c. 855, monarchy under Rurik
• Center at Kiev
• Vladimir I (980-1015)
• Converts to Orthodoxy
• Controls church

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Yaroslav I

• Issued a unifying code of laws, while not as
  advanced as Constantinople it still had nobles
  called Boyars.

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The Tartars

• The Russian name for the Mongols. The Invasion
  of Russia by the Mongols and the destruction of
  Constantinople by Muslims, isolated Russia.
• The region was cut off from western contacts,
  stifling economic, political, and cultural
  sophistication.

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