Chapter 10 - Muslim Civilization Focus: Who was Muhammad and how did his teachings lead to the rise of Islam?

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Chapter 10 - Muslim CivilizationFocus Who was
Muhammad and how did his teachings lead to the
rise of Islam?
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Chapter 10- Muslim Civilization

• 10.1 - The Rise of Islam
• 10.2 - Building a Muslim Empire
• 10.3 - Muslim Civilization Golden Age
• 10.4 - Indias Muslim Empires
• 10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Focus What messages, or teachings, did Muhammad
  spread through Islam?

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Followers of Islam are called Muslim
• Their holy text is the Quran
• Chief Prophet Muhammad

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Islam begins Muhammad was born in the oasis town
  of Mecca.
• Mecca
• Was a bustling market
• Pilgrimage center
• No weapons in the city
• Was home to many pagan gods (statues)

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Muhammad (570 AD)
• led a modest life early on
• He was an honest business man
• Married at 25 (Khadija)
• Devoted father and husband
• Was troubled by the moral ills of society

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad
  was 40 years old he heard the voice of an angel
  (Gabriel) . Muhammad was uneasy, but became the
  messenger of god.

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Muhammad's Teachings
• Werent widely accepted at first
• As they gained strength, angered Meccas
  merchants
• Neglect of idols would disrupt trade

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Muhammads Journey (Hijra)
• Muhammad left Mecca and entered the city of
  Medina.
• Acceptance grows
• Thousands of Arabs adopt Islam
• With his followers he returned to Mecca to free
  the Kaaba, the temple he believed should be
  dedicated to one true God, of idols.
• Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah (God), making it
  the most holy place of Islam.

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• The Quran
• Sacred text of Islam
• States people are responsible for their actions
• Muslims believe that God (Allah) has sent other
  prophets Jesus, Abraham, Moses but Muhammad is
  the last and greatest of all.

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Duties (expectations) of Islam
• Islamic people follow
• The Five Pillars of Islam
• Lay out the expectations of Muslims

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Pillar One Shahada
• Declaration of faith
• There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the
  messenger of Allah.

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Pillar Two Salah
• Daily Prayer
• Pray 5 times a day
• Wash
• Face Mecca
• Some pray in Mosques - house of worship
• But not required

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Pillar Three Zakat
• Alms for the Poor
• Give charity

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Pillar Four Ramadan
• Fasting
• Dont eat from sun up to sun down
• Applies to other parts of life too, not just
  eating
• For the month of Ramadan (varies by year)

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Pillar Five
• Making a Pilgrimage (Hajj)
• Must make the journey at least once
• Pray at the Kaaba
• Over 2 million people a year

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10.1- Rise of Islam

• Jihad- struggle in Gods service
• To Muslims Islam is both a religion and a way of
  life
• Their laws are based on the teaching of Islam-
  Sharia
• Islam and the Quran extended rights of women
• however they must dress modestly
• Varies by location

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• Focus How did Muhammads successors extend
  Muslim rule and spread Islam?

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• After Muhammad died-
• he named no successor
• Islam needed another strong leader
• Abu Bakr - becomes the first caliph successor
  
• Reunites the Muslims
• Leads military campaigns to unite other Arabs in
  Islam

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• Conquering area including
• Damascus
• Jerusalem
• The Persian Empire
• Byzantine Egypt

• The Muslim Empire rapidly spread

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• Death of Muhammad
• created a split (schism) in the Empire
• Sunni versus Shiite Muslims
• disagreed over who should be caliph (successor)
• SUNNI- majority of Muslims believed successors
• should be pious males
• SHIITE- believed the caliph must be a direct
• descendent of Muhammad

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• Sufis - Muslim Mystic
• Meditation, fasting, rituals

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• Muslim Empire grew from 661 - 750
• Several Ruling Families (clans)
• Umayyad (Spain)
• Decline criticized for lifestyle

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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• Abbasid moved capital to Baghdad (750-1258)
• Reasons for success
• Weakness of Byzantines and Persians
• Aggressive and bold fighting
• Strong unity under Islam

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Muslim Empire- c. 750
SPAIN- Umayyad
BAGHDAD- Abbasids
MED SEA
AFRICA
ARABIA
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10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

• As the Empire expanded
• Conquered people were treated fairly
• Many conquered joined the Islamic faith
• Non-Muslims taxed
• Equality
• The capital was moved to Baghdad (Damascus)
• Paradise on Earth
• Beautiful city
• Market, Gardens, Domes
• Minarets- slender towers

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Baghdad
Baghdad
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10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

• Starting in 850 the Muslim Empire began to fade
• Independent dynasties caliph loses power
• Invasions

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10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

• Seljuk Turks migrated to the Middle East (900s)
• Seljuk Turk Rulers (Sultan) - controlled Baghdad
  (1055)
• Conflicts prevent Christians from traveling to
  Jerusalem
• Cause the Crusades (1095) Christians v. Muslims

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10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

• Mongols led by Genghis Khan move into Middle East
  (1216)
• Eventually burn and loot Baghdad

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10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

• The culture still flourished in Spain
• Until 1492 (Inquisition)

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10.3 - Muslim Golden AgeFocus What achievements
did Muslims make in economics, art, literature,
and science?

• Muslim Golden Age
• a time of prosperity
• 750-850 100 years
• During the Muslim Golden Age
• Economy Advanced
• Social Structure Advanced
• Art, Literature, and Architecture Thrive
• Muslim Knowledge Expanded

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Muslim rulers unite many diverse cultures

• Arabs
• Persians
• Egyptians
• Africans
• Europeans

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10.3 - Economy Advanced

• Merchants were near the top of society (Muhammad
  was a merchant)
• Built a massive trade route camels, silk roads,
  ships
• Asia
• Africa
• Europe

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10.3 - Economy Advanced

• Muslims pioneered new business practices
• Partnerships
• Credit
• Formed banks
• Checks

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10.3 - Social Structure Improves

• Social Mobility changing of social class
• Improve their position through achievements
• Religious
• Scholarly
• Military

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Muslim Empire Included

• Greeks
• Romans
• Persians
• Indians

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Art, Literature, Architecture

• Muslim art displayed many different cultures
• Religious - did not portray humans (Quran - no
  idols)
• Poetry (oral) was used to tell stories

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Muslim Architecture

• Mosque and Minarets decorated the skyline
• Calligraphy decorated buildings (beautiful
  handwriting)

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10.4 Indias Muslim EmpiresFocus How did Muslim
rule affect Indian government and society?
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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Muslims move into Indian Empire around 1000
• By the late 1100s the Sultan (Muslim Ruler)
• Defeated Hindu armies and claimed Delhi as his
  capital

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Successors to the empire would rule what was
  known as the Delhi sultanate (lands of the
  sultan)
• Marked start of Muslim rule in India (1206
  1526)

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Muslim advances lead to a blending of cultures
• Persian
• Arab
• Turks

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Muslims and Hindus clash over
• Text Quran vs. Many texts
• God/ Gods Allah vs. Many gods/goddesses
• Equality vs. Caste Many Hindus converted to
  Islam to due to
• -equality (before God) in Islam

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• Text Quran vs. Many

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• God/ Gods Allah vs. Many

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• Equality vs. Caste

Equality was appealing to Hindus
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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Eventually Delhi sultanate became tolerant of
  Hindus
• Even kept local Rajahs - Hindu rulers in place
• Accepted Hindus as monotheistic (Brahman)

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Mughal Empire Rises
• Mughal Persian for Mongol
• Replace Delhi Sultanate (1526 - 1857)

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• By 1707 The Mughal Empire had conquered most of
  the Indian Subcontinent
• Led to the rise of Akbar the Great ?

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Akbar the Great was the chief builder of the
  Mughal Empire
• Created a strong central government
• Tolerant of Hindus (married one)
• Promoted Religious harmony

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• Akbars Grandson Shah Jahan was also influential
• While ruling the empire his wife Mumtaz Mahal
  would die
• She gave birth to 14 children and was only 39
• He loved her dearly so he built a monument (tomb)
  in her honor

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10.4 Indias Muslim Empires

• The Taj Mahal
• Took 22,000 workers 20 years
• Greatest monument of Mughal Empire

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10.5 The Ottoman Safavid EmpiresFocus What
were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and
Safavid empires?

• The Ottomans
• Migrated into Asia Minor (Turkey)
• Turkish-speaking nomads from Central Asia
• Took Constantinople (Istanbul)
• 1453 becomes Ottoman Capital
• Used new war tech
• the cannon

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10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

• Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 1566)
• Great leader of the Ottoman Empire
• Extended Ottoman Empire into Middle East
• Known as the lawgiver
• Laws based on the Sharia, supplemented by royal
  edicts
• Held absolute power
• Used a vizier, huge bureaucracy, and powerful
  military

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Ottoman Empire Hungary to Arabia Mesopotamia,
and across North Africa
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10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires

• Janizaries elite forces of the Ottoman army
• Usually born to Christian families but converted
  to Islam

• Ottoman Culture

• Organized social classes
• Top Men of the sword (soldiers)
• Muslim
• Men of the pen (scientists, lawyers, judges,
  poets)
• Muslim
• Men of negotiation (merchants, artisans)
• Lowest Men of husbandry (farmers herders
  produce food)

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10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires

• Decline
• Suleiman the Magnificent dies in 1566
• 1700s - European commerce and new war tech are
  superior
• Russia other Europeans take over landholdings
• North Africa breaks away from Ottoman control

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10.5 The Safavid Empire

• Ruled in most of Modern day Iran
• Between
• Ottomans - West
• Mughal India - East
• Shah (king) Abbas the Great
• Centralized govt
• Capital is Isfahan
• Strengthened the economy
• Safavid Empire decline
• Death of Shah Abbas
• Ottoman armies

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10.5 Safavid Empire