The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I

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The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I
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Fall of the Czar

• War - huge burden on Russia
• Czar Nicholas II (Romanov)
• Alexandra influenced by Rasputin
• Riots, demonstrations
• Rasputin assassinated
• 1917 Nicholas II abdicates his throne (steps
  down)
• Ends 300 year Romanov dynasty

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The Provisional Government

• Provisional government created Alexander
  Kerensky
• Continues war
• Soviets councils of workers and soldiers
• Duma - legislature

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Lenin

• Lenin leads Bolsheviks (Communists)
• Enemy of tsarist Russia, exiled (why?)
• Germans helped him return in 1917 to lead
  Bolsheviks
• Promised to take Russia out of the war

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The Bolshevik Revolution

• Bolsheviks overthrow government, 1917
• Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia withdraws
  from war loses lots of territory
• Set-up Communist nation
• No private property
• Goal - spread communism

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Civil War

• Reds Communists (Lenin and Trotsky)
• Whites wanted to get rid of Communists
  (supported by allied powers)
• Three years of fighting destroys nation
• Red army led by Trotsky well organized,
  disciplined
• White army disorganized, mixture of various
  groups (including US)

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Civil War

• The Terror
• Lenin uses war communism
• 1918 killed czar and his family
• Cheka arrested anyone accused of being an enemy
  of the revolution
• Restricted religion
• By 1921, Lenin had entire country under Communist
  control
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

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Ending of World War I

• 1917-1918 Russia withdrew at the same time as
  the U.S. enters
• Provided supplies and men
• Convoy system in Atlantic
• Changes tide of war
• Armistice signed November 11, 1918
• Austria-Hungary broken into independent republics

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Peace Settlement

• Woodrow Wilsons peace plan
• Fourteen Points
• 14th point League of Nations
• No alliances, reduction of armaments,
  self-determination of nations
• Saw new world order based on democracy and
  international cooperation
• Very different mood at the peace table..

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Versailles 1919 (France)

• Big Four
• Lloyd George (GB)
• Clemenceau (France)
• Wilson (US)
• Orlando (Italy)
• France wanted revenge crush Germany, remove
  threat forever, payments

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The Treaty

• Harsh treatment of Germany
• War Guilt clause had to accept blame for war
• Reparations ( compensation) for the war (56
  billion)
• Reduce army to 100,000, reduce navy, no air force
• Demilitarized or buffer zone created

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The Treaty

• League of Nations created peacekeeping
  organization
• New nations out of old empires (Germany, Austria,
  etc.)
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia
• U.S. fails to join League weakens it
• U.S. and G.B. withdraw from Europe leaving France
  to stand alone tensions, revenge
• WWII is only 20 years away!

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Country Men Mobilized Dead Injured Missing/Prisoners
Allied Powers Allied Powers Allied Powers Allied Powers Allied Powers Allied Powers
Russian Empire 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 76
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 73
British Empire 8,904,500 908,400 2,090,200 191,700 36
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 39
United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 8
Romania 750,000 335,700 120,000 80,000 71
Serbia 707,300 45,000 133,100 153,000 47
Belgium 267,000 13,700 44,700 34,700 35
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 12
Portugal 100,000 7,000 13,800 12,300 33
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 40

Central Powers Central Powers Central Powers Central Powers Central Powers Central Powers
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,100 1,152,800 65
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 90
Ottoman Empire 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 34
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,400 27,000 22


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Effects of the War

• Post flu epidemic kills millions
• Economic opportunities for women and African
  Americans
• Inflation and economic problems for Europe

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Effects of WWI cont.

• German, Russian monarchies toppled
• Ottoman Austria-Hungarian empires gone
• GB and France emerge victorious but politically
  economically weakened
• U.S. emerges strong prosperous