American Imperialism and World War I

1
American Imperialism and World War I

• From Isolationism to Internationalism

2
Timeline of Events

• 1867
• French withdraw from Mexico
• 1889
• First Pan-American conference held
• 1893
• Sugar planters, aided by U.S. Marines overthrow
  Hawaiis Queen Liluokalani
• 1895
• Venezuela boundary dispute with Britain
• Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio

3
Timeline of Events

• 1896
• William McKinley becomes President defeating
  William Jennings Bryan
• 1898
• Marie Curie discovers radium
• U.S.S. Maine explodes and sinks
• War with Spain
• Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, and Hawaii
  acquired

4
Timeline of Events

• 1899
• Philippine insurrection begins
• 1900
• Boxer uprising in China
• William McKinley reelected
• John Hay institutes Open Door Policy with China

5
Timeline of Events

• 1901
• Platt amendment to Cuban constitution
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Great Britain
• Theodore Roosevelt becomes President after
  McKinley is assassinated
• 1903
• Columbian senate rejects canal treaty
• Panama revolution occurs with United States aid

6
Timeline of Events

• 1904
• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine announced
• 1905
• Russo-Japanese peace treaty made at Portsmouth
• 1908
• William Howard Taft becomes President defeating
  William Jennings Bryan
• Henry Ford introduces the Model T

7
Timeline of Events

• 1910
• The Mexican Revolution begins
• 1911
• William Howard Taft institutes Dollar Diplomacy
  with Latin American nations

8
Timeline of Events

• 1912
• Woodrow Wilson elected President defeating
  Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft
• 1913
• Chinas Qin Dynasty topples

9
Timeline of Events

• 1914
• Americans occupy Vera Cruz, Mexico
• Hollywood, California becomes the center of movie
  production in the United States
• The Panama Canal opens
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are
  assassinated
• World War I begins in Europe, August 1st

10
Timeline of Events

• 1915
• Lusitania sunk by German submarine
• Austrian ambassador expelled from the United
  States
• Albert Einstein proposes his general theory of
  relativity
• Alexander Graham Bell makes the first
  transcontinental phone call

11
Timeline of Events

• 1916
• Virgin Islands purchased from Denmark
• Wilson reelected President
• United States offers mediation in European war
• Battles of Verdun and Somme claim millions of
  lives

12
Timeline of Events

• 1917
• Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare
• Zimmerman note published, March 1st
• Russian Revolution begins
• Puerto Ricans becomes U.S. citizens
• Mexico revises and adopts its constitution
• War declared on Central Powers, April 6th

13
Timeline of Events

• 1918
• Wilson offers Fourteen Points peace program
• United States troops help check German offensive
• Armistice signed , November 11th
• Eighteenth Amendment outlaws alcoholic beverages
  Prohibition begins

14
Timeline of Events

• 1918
• Wilson proposed the League of Nations
• Congress passes the Sedition Act
• The Bolsheviks establish a Communist regime in
  Russia
• World War I ends

15
Timeline of Events

• 1919
• Treat of Versailles signed, June 28th
• Treaty defeated in Senate, November 19th
• Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment,
  granting women the right to vote
• A worldwide influenza epidemic kills over 30
  million

16
Timeline of Events

• 1920
• Treaty again defeated in Senate, March 19th
• Harding (Republican) defeats Cox for President

17
American Expansionism

• American wanted to expand its size and throughout
  the 19th century toward the Pacific Ocean
• Many leaders in the U.S. felt America should
  become more imperialistic
• Imperialism the policy in which stronger
  nations extend their economic, political, or
  military control over weaker territories

18
Global Competition

• European nations establishing colonies for
  centuries
• Africa prime target of European nations by
  early 20th century only Ethiopia and Liberia
  remained independent
• Asia competition continued especially in China
• Japan old feudal system replaced with a strong
  central government

19
Global Competition

• Factors that fueled American Imperialism
• Desire for military strength
• Thirst for new markets
• Belief in cultural superiority

20
Desire for Military Strength

• American leaders advised the U.S. to build up its
  military strength
• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan (U.S. Navy) urged
  government official to build up American naval
  power in order to compete with other powerful
  nations
• U.S. between 1883 1890 built 9 steel-hulled
  cruisers
• Modern ships Oregon and Maine transformed the
  country into the worlds 3rd largest naval power

21
Thirst for New Markets

• Advances in technology enabled American farms and
  factories to produce more than American citizens
  could consume
• Foreign trade was the solution to American
  over-production and the related problems of
  unemployment and economic depression

22
Belief in Cultural Superiority

• Cultural factors were used to justify imperialism
• Americans complete the philosophy of Social
  Darwinism and racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons
• U.S. had a responsibility to spread Christianity
  and civilization to the worlds inferior
  peoples

23
Sewards Folly

• William H. Seward, Secretary of State under
  Lincoln and Johnson acquired Alaska for 7.2
  million from Russia
• Often called Sewards Icebox or Sewards Folly
  because people thought it was silly to buy the
  territory
• In 1959, Alaska became a state and for about 2
  cents per acre America acquired a land rich in
  timber, minerals (gold), oil

24
Sewards Folly
25
Sewards Folly
26
Hawaii

• 1867 U.S. took over Midway Islands (1300 miles
  north of Hawaii)
• Hawaiian Islands were economically important to
  the U.S.
• Since 1790s merchants had stopped their on their
  way to China and East India
• 1820s Yankee missionaries founded Christian
  schools and churches on the islands
• Their children grandchildren became sugar
  planters sold their crop to the U.S.

27
Hawaii
28
Hawaiian Sugar

• American sugar planters accounted for 75 of the
  islands wealth
• Labor was imported from Japan, Portugal, and
  China
• By 1900, foreign immigrant laborers outnumbered
  native Hawaiians by 3 to 1
• White planters profited from close ties with the
  U.S.
• 1875 U.S. agrees to import Hawaiian sugar
  duty-free

29
Hawaiian Sugar

• Over next 15 years, Hawaiian sugar production
  increased nine times
• McKinley Tariff of 1890 brought an end to
  duty-free sugar
• Hawaiian sugar planters now faced competition in
  the American market
• American planters now wanted Hawaii to be annexed
  by the U.S.

30
Annexation of Hawaii

• U.S. military and economic leaders knew the value
  of Hawaii
• 1887 pressured Hawaii to allow the U.S. to
  build a naval base at Pearl Harbor
• Pearl Harbor became a fueling station for
  American ships

31
End of a Monarchy

• 1887 King Kalakaua was forced to amend Hawaiis
  constitution, limiting voting rights to only
  wealthy landowners
• 1891 King Kalakaua died and Liliuokalani, his
  sister became queen
• Queen Lil proposed removing the property-owning
  qualification for voting
• To stop what she was trying to do, a revolution
  was organized upon the insistence of Ambassador
  John L. Stevens

32
End of a Monarchy
33
End of a Monarchy

• Marines helped to overthrow Queen Lil and set up
  a government headed by Sanford B. Dole
• Grover Cleveland directed that Queen Lil be
  restored to her throne
• Dole refused to relinquish power and Cleveland
  eventually and formally recognized the Republic
  of Hawaii
• Cleveland would not consider annexation unless a
  majority of Hawaiians favored it

34
End of a Monarchy
35
End of a Monarchy

• 1897 William McKinley will agree to the
  annexation of Hawaii
• 1898 August 12th Congress proclaimed Hawaii
  an American territory
• Hawaiians were never given the choice to be
  annexed
• 1959 Hawaii became the 50th state of the U.S.

36
End of a Monarchy
37
Spanish American War

• 1898 U.S. went to war to help Cuba win its
  independence from Spain
• U.S. involvement in Latin American and Asia
  increased greatly as a result of the war and
  continues today

38
Cuba Rebels Against Spain

• Spain losing most of its colonies by the end of
  the 19th century
• Spains colonies
• Philippines
• Guam
• Some outposts in Africa
• Cuba
• Puerto Rico

39
Cuba Rebels Against Spain

• America had an interest in Cuba because it is 90
  miles south of Florida
• 1854 diplomats recommended the purchase of Cuba
  to Franklin Pierce
• Spains response was they would rather sink it
  into the ocean then sell to the U.S.
• 1868-1878 Cubans rebelled against Spain
  Americans were sympathetic to their cause

40
Cuba Rebels Against Spain

• America had an interest in Cuba because it is 90
  miles south of Florida
• 1854 diplomats recommended the purchase of Cuba
  to Franklin Pierce
• Spains response was they would rather sink it
  into the ocean then sell to the U.S.
• 1868-1878 Cubans rebelled against Spain
  Americans were sympathetic to their cause

41
Cuba Rebels Against Spain

• Cuban revolt was not successful
• 1886 Cuban people forced Spain to abolish
  slavery
• Americans begin investing millions in large
  sugar cane plantations on the island
• 1895 Jose Marti a Cuban poet and journalist
  in exile in New York launched a second revolution

42
Jose Marti
43
Cuba Rebels Against Spain

• Marti organized Cuban resistance using guerilla
  warfare and deliberately destroying American
  owned sugar mills and plantation
• Marti was counting on American interference
  Cuba Libre!
• Public opinion was split in the U.S.
• Business people wanted the government to support
  Spain (protect business interests)

44
Cuba Rebels Against Spain

• Other Americans wanted to support the rebel cause
  
• It reminded them of Patrick Henrys Give me
  liberty or give me death speech

45
War Fever Escalates

• 1896 Spain send general Valeriano Weyler to
  Cuba to restore order
• Weyler tried to crush the rebellion
• Herded entire population of central and western
  Cuba into concentration camps
• About 300,000 filled the camps
• Thousands died from hunger and disease

46
Valeriano Weyler
47
Headline Wars

• Weylers actions fueled a newspaper circulation
  war between Hearst and Pulitzer
• Both printed exaggerated accounts of Weylers
  brutality (poisoning wells, throwing children to
  sharks)
• Yellow journalism sensation style of writing
  which exaggerates news to lure and enrage readers
• Hearst and Pulitzer fanned war fever

48
Headline Wars

• Hearst sends Frederick Remington, a painter to
  Cuba to draw sketches
• Remington felt war was unlikely
• Hearst supposedly replied You furnish the
  pictures and Ill furnish the war.

49
Frederic Remington
50
The De Lome Letter

• McKinley came in office in 1897
• Wanted to avoid war with Spain
• Tried diplomatic means to resolve the crisis and
  at first efforts seemed to work
• Spain recalled General Weyler, modified its
  policy toward concentration camps and offered
  Cuba limited self-government

51
The De Lome Letter

• 1898 February the New York Journal published
  a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de
  Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S.
• Letter criticized President McKinley, calling him
  weak and a bidder for the admiration of the
  crowd
• Spanish government was embarrassed and
  apologized, the minister resigned
• Americans were angered by the insult

52
The De Lome Letter
 
53
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

• 1898 McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba
  to bring home American citizens in danger from
  the fighting and to protect Americans property
• February 15, 1898 the ship exploded in Havana
  harbor killing more than 260 men
• Not really known why the ship exploded
• 1898 American newspapers claimed the Spanish
  had blown up the ship
• Hearst offered 50,000 dollars for the capture of
  the Spaniards who blew up the ship

54
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
55
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
56
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
57
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
58
War with Spain Erupts

• Remember the Maine became the rallying cry for
  U.S. intervention in Cuba
• April 9, 1898 Spain agreed to all of the U.S.
  demands including 6 month cease fire
• Even with the concessions, U.S. public wanted war
• April 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for the
  authority to use force against Spain
• April 20, 1898 Congress agreed and the U.S.
  declared war

59
Spanish American War Map
60
The War in the Philippines

• Spanish believed the U.S. would invade Cuba
• U.S. chose to fight in the Philippines first
• April 30th Commodore George Dewey steamed into
  the harbor
• May 1st gave command to open fire on the
  Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
• 7 hours later the Spanish fleet was destroyed
  or captured
• Victory allowed U.S. troops to land in the
  Philippines

61
The War in the Philippines

• Dewey had the support of the Filipinos who also
  wanted freedom from Spain
• Over next 2 months 11,000 Americans joined
  forces with Filipino rebels led by Emilio
  Aguinaldo
• August 1898 Spanish troops surrendered to U.S.
  forces

62
The War in the Philippines
63
The War in the Philippines
64
The War in the Caribbean

• Hostilities began with the blockade of Cuba
• Admiral William T. Sampson sealed up the Spanish
  fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba
• U.S. able to show superiority of its naval forces
• Army small professional force with a larger
  inexperienced and ill-prepared volunteer force
• About 125,000 Americans had volunteered to fight

65
The War in the Caribbean

• Training camps for new soldiers lacked supplies
  and effective leaders
• Not enough modern guns to go around and officers
  were more interested in their time serving during
  the Civil War than training the volunteers

66
Rough Riders

• June 1898 American forces land in Cuba heading
  towards Santiago
• Army 17,000 men including 4 African-American
  regiments
• Rough Riders volunteer cavalry under the
  command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt
• July 1st Rough Riders and 2 African-American
  regiments charge up Kettle Hill
• Victory cleared the way for infantry to attack
  San Juan Hill

67
Rough Riders

• July 3rd Spanish fleet tries to escape
• Naval battle occurs and ends in the destruction
  of the Spanish fleet
• July 25th America invades Puerto Rico

68
Rough Riders
69
Treaty of Paris

• August 12th U.S. and Spain sign an armistice
• Secretary of State, John Hay called it a
  splendid little war
• Actual fighting lasted only 16 weeks
• December 10th U.S. and Spain met in Paris to
  agree on a treaty
• Spain turned over Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico to
  the U.S.
• U.S. bought the Philippines for 20 million

70
Debate over the Treaty

• Treaty caused a huge debate in Congress
• Main argument whether the U.S. had the right to
  annex the Philippines
• Real issue imperialism
• McKinley needed to justify imperialism there
  was nothing left for us to do but take them all
  the Philippine Islands, and to educate the
  Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them
• Philippines had been Christian for centuries

71
Debate over the Treaty

• Prominent Americans presented a variety of
  arguments political, moral, and economic
• Some felt the treaty violated the D of I by
  denying self-government to the newly acquired
  land
• Booker T. Washington U.S. should settle race
  relation problems at home before take on social
  problems elsewhere
• Samuel Gompers feared Filipino immigrants would
  compete for American jobs

72
Debate over the Treaty

• February 6, 1899 annexation question settled
  Senate approved the Treaty of Paris
• U.S. empire
• included Cuba,
• Guam, Puerto
• Rico, and the
• Philippines

73
Acquiring New Lands

• Puerto Rico
• Not all wanted independence
• Some wanted statehood, other some local
  self-government
• Military Rule
• U.S. forces under General Nelson A Miles occupied
  the island
• Miles assured the people that Americans would
  protect them
• U.S. military would control Puerto Rico until
  Congress made changes

74
Acquiring New Lands

• Return to Civil Government
• Puerto Rico strategically important to U.S.
• Helped in maintaining U.S. presence in the
  Caribbean and for protecting a future canal
  Americans hoped to build across the Isthmus of
  Panama
• 1900 Foraker Act ended military rule and set
  up a civilian government
• Act gave the president of the U.S. power to
  appoint a governor and members of the upper house
  of its legislature
• Puerto Ricans could only elect the lower house

75
Acquiring New Lands

• 1901 Insular Cases U.S. Supreme Court ruled
  that the Constitution did not automatically apply
  to people in acquired territories
• Congress retained the right to extend U.S.
  citizenship
• 1917 granted the right to Puerto Ricans
• 1917 gave them the right to elect both houses
  of their legislature

76
Acquiring New Lands
77
Acquiring New Lands

• Cuba and the United States
• U.S. recognized Cubas independence from Spain in
  1898
• U.S. passed Teller Amendment which stated the
  U.S. had no intention of taking over Cuba
• Treaty of Paris guaranteed Cuba its independence
• American Soldiers
• Jose Marti thought U.S. would become another
  Spain
• Under American occupation, U.S. left in office
  the leaders who had served Spain
• Those who protested they were imprisoned or
  exiled

78
Teller Amendment
79
Acquiring New Lands

• American military government
• provided food and clothing for thousands of
  families
• Helped farmers put land into cultivation
• Organized elementary schools
• Improved sanitation
• Improved medical research
• Helped eliminate yellow fever

80
Platt Amendment

• 1900 Cuba wrote a constitution for an
  independent government
• Constitution did not specify the relationship
  between the U.S. and Cuba
• 1901 U.S. insisted on the Platt Amendment
• Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its
  independence or permit a foreign power to take
  control of any part of its territory
• U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
• Cuba was not to go into debt
• U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for
  naval stations and refueling stations

81
Platt Amendment

• U.S. refused to withdraw its troops without the
  passage of the Platt Amendment
• Cubans were outraged by the amendment and
  protested but the U.S. stood firm
• 1903 Platt Amendment was ratified and remained
  in effect for 31 years
• Cuba became a U.S. protectorate

82
Platt Amendment
83
U.S. Business Interests

• U.S. had strong business interests in Cuba
• Americans had invested in sugar, tobacco and
  mining industries, railroads and public utilities
• Many business people wanted the U.S. to annex
  Cuba and make it a territory
• U.S. would intervene time and again in the
  affairs of other nations in the Western Hemisphere

84
Filipinos Rebel

• Filipinos were angry because the Treaty of Paris
  called for the annexation of the Philippines
• Emilio Aguinaldo believed the U.S. had promised
  independence
• Filipinos vowed to fight because of the terms of
  the treaty

85
Emilio Aguinaldo
86
Philippine-American War

• February 1899 Aguinaldo led the Filipinos in a
  revolt
• U.S. imposed its authority on a colony that was
  fighting for freedom
• Aguinaldo used guerilla tactics so U.S. forced
  Filipinos to live in designated areas
• Poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed
  thousands
• U.S. was committing the same atrocities as Spain
  did to Cuba

87
Philippine-American War

• American soldiers (whites) felt the Filipinos
  were inferior
• 70,000 U.S. troops sent to the Philippines were
  African American
• African American newspapers believed that by
  being there, African Americans were helping to
  spread racial prejudice
• Some African Americans deserted to the Filipino
  side and developed bonds of friendship with them
• War lasted 3 years, took 20,000 Filipino lives,
  4,000 American lives and cost 400 million

88
Philippine-American War
89
Aftermath of the War

• After the revolt was suppressed, the U.S. set up
  a government like that it had put in place in
  Puerto Rico
• U.S. appointed a governor who appointed the upper
  house
• Filipinos elected the lower house
• Philippines gradually move toward independence
  under American rule
• July 4, 1946 became an independent republic

90
Foreign Influence in China

• U.S. imperialism in the Philippines gave it a way
  into Asia
• China was a potential market for American
  products
• Presented American investors with new
  opportunities for large-scale railroad
  construction
• China sick man of Asia because of war and
  foreign intervention

91
Foreign Influence in China

• France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia
  had established settlements along the coast of
  China
• Countries carved out spheres of influence
  areas where each nation claimed special rights
  and economic privileges

92
Foreign Influence in China
93
Open Door Policy

• U.S. feared that China would be carved up and
  American traders would be shut out
• John Hay in 1899 issued a series of policies
  called the Open Door notes
• Notes were letters addressed to leaders of
  imperialist nations proposing that the nations
  share their trading rights with the U.S.
• Meant no single nation would have a monopoly on
  trade with any part of China
• Other powers reluctantly accepted the policy

94
Open Door Policy
95
The Boxer Rebellion

• China kept its freedom
• Large cities were dominated by Europeans
• Chinese resented the foreign influence and
  established secret societies to rid the country
  of foreign devils
• Most famous group Boxers because they
  practiced martial arts
• Boxers killed thousands of missionaries, other
  foreigners Chinese who had converted to
  Christianity

96
The Boxer Rebellion

• August 1900 British, German, French, and
  Japanese troops joined 2,000 American soldiers in
  a march on the Chinese capital
• Boxer Rebellion was put down by the international
  force
• Thousands of Chinese died during the fighting

97
The Boxer Rebellion
98
The Boxer Rebellion
99
Protecting American Rights

• U.S. feared Europeans would try to takeover more
  of China after the rebellion was put down
• John Hay issued a second series of Open Door
  notes announcing the U.S. would safeguard for
  the world the principle of equal and impartial
  trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire
• Policy paved the way for greater American
  influence in Asia

100
Protecting American Rights

• Open Door policy 3 deeply held beliefs
• Americans believed that the growth of the U.S.
  economy depended on exports
• U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep
  foreign markets open
• U.S. feared that the closing of an area to
  American products, citizens, or ideas threatened
  U.S. survival
• Beliefs became the bedrock of American foreign
  policy

101
Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains

• 1900 William McKinley was elected to a 2nd term
  as president
• Reelection confirmed that a majority of Americans
  favored his policies
• Anti-Imperialist League came into being
• Members included Grover Cleveland, Andrew
  Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain and many others
• All agreed the U.S. was wrong to rule other
  people without their consent
• U.S. under Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson
  would continue to exert its power

102
America as a World Power

• Teddy Roosevelt and the World
• Became president with the assassination of
  William McKinley
• Did not want European powers to control the
  worlds political economic destiny
• 1905 mediated a peace treaty between Russia and
  Japan

103
Russo- Japanese War

• 1904 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia declared war on
  Japan
• Russia and Japan imperialist powers competing
  for Korea
• Japan struck first with a surprise attack on the
  Russian Pacific fleet and destroyed it
• Also destroyed a second fleet sent as a
  reinforcement
• Japan secured Korea and Manchuria after a series
  of land battles
• Japan running out of men and money

104
Russo- Japanese War

• Japanese officials approached Roosevelt in secret
• Asked him to mediate peace negotiations
• 1905 Russian and Japanese met in Portsmouth, NH
  
• First meeting on presidential yacht
• Japanese wanted Sakhalin Island and money from
  Russia
• Russians refused
• Through Roosevelts negotiations , Japan got ½
  the island and no money

105
Russo- Japanese War

• Japanese were given Russian interests in Korea
  and Manchuria
• Treaty of Portsmouth helped Roosevelt to win the
  Nobel Peace Prize in 1906
• U.S. and Japan expanded their interest in East
  Asia
• 2 nations continued to talk

106
Russo- Japanese War
107
Russo- Japanese War
108
Russo- Japanese War
109
Panama Canal

• U.S needed a canal cutting across Central America
  
• Would reduce travel time for commercial and
  military ships
• U.S. and Great Britain in 1850 agreed to share
  rights to such a canal
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 gave the U.S.
  exclusive rights to build and control a canal
  through Central America
• 2 possible routes (1) Nicaragua and (2) Panama (a
  province of Colombia)

110
Panama Canal

• Late 1800s a French company had tried to build a
  canal and gave up after 10 years
• Sent an agent, Philippe Bunau-Varilla to D.C. to
  get the U.S. to buy its claim
• 1903 U.S. bought the claim for 40 million
• U.S. asked Colombia for permission to finish
  building the canal but negotiations broke down
• Bunau-Varilla organized a rebellion and Panama
  declared its independence on November 3, 1903 in
  the presence of 12 U.S. warships

111
Panama Canal
112
Panama Canal

• November 18, 1903 U.S. and Panama signed a
  treaty
• U.S. would pay Panama 10 million plus an annual
  rent of 250,000 for an area across Panama the
  Canal Zone
• Payment began in 1913
• Canal ranks as one of the worlds greatest
  engineering feats
• Builders fought diseases, and soft volcanic soil
• 1904 work began on the canal with the clearing
  of brush and draining of swamps

113
Panama Canal
114
Panama Canal
115
Panama Canal
116
Panama Canal

• 1913 height of construction
• 43,400 workers
• ¾ were blacks from the British West Indies
• 5,600 workers died from accidents or disease
• Total cost to U.S. 380 million
• August 15, 1914 canal open for business
• 1,000 merchant ships passed through the 1st year
• U.S. Latin American relations damaged by
  American support of the Panama rebellion
• 1921 Congress paid Colombia 21 million for the
  loss of its territory

117
The Roosevelt Corollary

• Late 19th century Latin American nations
  borrowing huge sums of money from European banks
• U.S. feared if they defaulted that Europeans
  would intervene
• Roosevelt wanted U.S. to be the dominant power in
  the Caribbean and Central America
• Speak softly and carry a big stick African
  proverb

118
The Roosevelt Corollary
119
The Roosevelt Corollary

• December 1904 Roosevelt Corollary was added to
  the Monroe Doctrine
• Warned that disorder in Latin American might
  force the United States to the exercise of an
  international police power
• U.S. would not use force to protects its economic
  interest in Latin America

120
The Roosevelt Corollary
121
The Roosevelt Corollary
122
Dollar Diplomacy

• United States exercised police power on several
  occasions
• 1911 Nicaragua rebellion left the country close
  to bankruptcy
• Taft arranged for American bankers to loan
  Nicaragua the money to pay its debts
• Nicaragua gave American bankers the right to
  collect its customs duties to repay the debt
• Nicaragua also allowed U.S. bankers to gain
  control of the railroad system and national bank

123
Dollar Diplomacy

• Nicaraguans heard about the deal and revolted
  against President Adolfo Diaz
• 2,000 marines were sent to Nicaragua to help with
  the role which was put down
• Some marine units were stationed in Nicaragua
  until 1933
• Taft administration followed the policy using the
  U.S government to guarantee loans to foreign
  countries by American business people
• Was often used to justify keeping European powers
  out of the Caribbean

124
Dollar Diplomacy
125
Missionary Diplomacy

• 1823 Monroe Doctrine warned other nations to
  stay out of the affairs of Latin American
  countries
• 1904 Roosevelt Corollary stated the U.S. had
  the right to exercise international police power
  in the Western Hemisphere
• 1913 Wilsons Missionary Diplomacy gave the
  Monroe Doctrine a moral tone
• U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny
  recognition to any Latin American government it
  viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to
  U.S. interests

126
Missionary Diplomacy
127
The Mexican Revolution

• Porfirio Diaz the military dictator of Mexico
  had rule for more than 3 decades
• Diaz was a friend of the U.S. and encouraged
  Americans to invest in his country
• Americans and other foreigners owned most of
  Mexicos oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches
• Common people were very poor
• Rich were getting wealthier

128
The Mexican Revolution

• 1911 Francisco Madera along with Mexican
  workers and peasants overthrew Diaz
• Madero promised democratic reforms but was unable
  to satisfy all parties
• 1913 General Victoriano Huerta took over the
  government and executed Madero
• Wilson refused to recognize the government Huerta
  formed called it a government of butchers

129
Intervention in Mexico

• Wilsons plan was watchful waiting
• He wanted an opportunity to move against Huerta
• April 1914 one of Huertas officers arrested a
  small group of American sailors in Tampico
• Mexicans quickly released them and apologized
• Wilson used the incident to intervene in Mexico
  and ordered U.S. marines to occupy Vera Cruz
• 18 Americans and 200 Mexicans died in the
  invasion

130
Intervention in Mexico

• Incident put the U.S. and Mexico on the brink of
  war
• Argentina, Brazil and Chile stepped in to mediate
• Huerta was to step down
• U.S. would withdraw without paying Mexico damages
• Mexico rejected the plan
• U.S. refused to recognize the government of
  Huerta
• Huertas government does eventually collapse
• Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, became
  president in 1915

131
Intervention in Mexico

• Wilson withdrew American troops and recognized
  the government of Carranza

132
Rebellion in Mexico

• Carranza did not have the support of all Mexicans
  like others before him
• Rebels under Francisco Pancho Villa and
  Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranzas provisional
  government
• Zapata wanted land reform
• It is better to die on your feet than live on
  your knees
• Villa, a fierce nationalist, courted the U.S. for
  support and aid

133
Rebellion in Mexico
134
Rebellion in Mexico

• After Wilson recognized Carranzas government,
  Villa threatened reprisals against the U.S.
• January 1916 Carranza asked American engineers
  to come and operate mines in the northern part
  of Mexico
• Villas men took the Americans off a train and
  shot them
• March 1916 Villas men raided Columbus, NM,
  killing 17 Americans

135
Chasing Villa

• Americans wanted revenge against Villa
• Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing and
  15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead
  or alive
• Villa eluded Pershing for almost a year
• Wilson called out 150,000 National Guardsmen and
  stationed them along the Mexican border
• Mexico grew angry because of the U.S. forces in
  the country
• June 1916 U.S. and Carranza troops clash

136
Chasing Villa
137
The End in Sight

• Carranza demand U.S. withdrawal of troops
• Both sides back down U.S. because of the war in
  Europe
• February 1917 Pershing was ordered to return
  home
• 1917 Mexico adopted a new constitution gave
  government control over oil and mineral resources
  and put strict regulations on foreign investors
• Carranza ruled oppressively until 1920 when
  Alvaro Obregon came to power

138
The End in Sight
139
The End in Sight

• Obregons presidency marked the end of civil war
  and the beginning of reform
• U.S. intervention showed Americas imperialistic
  attitude in the early 20th century
• U.S. pursued and achieved several foreign policy
  goals
• Expanded its access to foreign markets in order
  to ensure continued growth of the domestic
  economy
• U.S. built a modern navy to protect its interests
  abroad
• U.S. exercised its international police power to
  ensure dominance in Latin America