The Early Modern Period 1450-1750 CE

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The Early Modern Period1450-1750 CE

• UNIT 4
• APWH EXAM REVIEW

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MAJOR CHANGES

• World becomes global - exploration technological
  innovations political organizations trade
• Domination of Maritime trade - shift from land
  based trade in Classical and Post-Classical
  Periods
• Decline of nomadic groups and their power
• Shift in labor systems
• Gunpowder Empires

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Major Early Modern Empires

• Spain
• Portugal
• England
• France
• The Netherlands
• Russia

• Gunpowder Empires
• Ottoman Empire
• Tokugawa Japan
• Safavid Persia
• Ming China
• Mughal India

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The Ottoman Empire1299-1923

• Founded by Osman
• 1453 take Constantinople and end Byz. Empire
• Take control of land on 3 continents - From Iraq
  in the east, North Africa to the South Balkans
  to the East
• Sultan (supreme leader) w/ a bureaucracy
• Strong army (Janissaries) Slave labor
• Religiously and culturally tolerant
• Emphasized Merchant class
• Women have right to own property

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Mughal India1526-1858

• Descendants of Mongol invaders and Muslim
  merchants in Northern India
• Included India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
• Strong military, funded by high taxes
• Those in military earn pieces of land, which
  makes regional princes upset
• Muslim leaders over Hindu majority - religiously
  tolerant (they have to be!)
• Creation of new religion Sikhism (Islam and
  Hinduism)
• Great architectural feats - Taj Mahal

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Tokugawa Japan1600-1868

• Tokugawa family unite regional daimyos under one
  government
• Capital Edo (Tokyo)
• Opposed to European presence in Asia (after
  seeing Spanish take over Philippines did not
  want Europeans to appeal to daimyos to overthrow
  govt)
• 1630s close Japan from European influences
• No travel to Europe no Europeans in Japan except
  Dutch traders (limited)

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Ming China1368-1644

• Follow Yuan dynasty (Mongols)
• Promote initial exploration - Zheng He
  eventually recalled to deal with internal
  problems
• Neo-Confucianism
• Silk Road begins to decline b/c of maritime trade
• Cultural contributions porcelain paintings
• At end of dynasty, very inept rulers prone to
  rebellions and outside attacks

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Qing China

• Overthrown Ming Dynasty in 1644 (last until 1911)
• Led by Manchus (from Manchuria) viewed as
  outsiders by rest of China
• Pre-1750 very strong empire promote Mandate of
  Heaven forbid intermarriage between Manchus and
  Chinese
• Golden Age of Chinese civilization - good,
  long-serving rulers promotion of Confucianism,
  education and military might
• React favorably to Catholic missionaries
  increase trade with Europeans and open ports for
  trade

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Safavid Persia1501-1736

• Shia Islam
• Founded by Ismail
• Lack of religious tolerance goes to war with
  Ottomans to convert them Safavids lose
• Capital Isfahan - great city planning mosques
• Difficult to expand due to being surrounded by
  other empires - Arab empires, Ottomans, Mughals

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Age of Exploration

• Portugal - exploration and colonization Prince
  Henry the Navigator important in early slave
  trade first to set up trading centers in
  Africas coast (factories)/ trade directly with
  India and China Brazil
• Spain - Isabella and Ferdinand exploration and
  colonization expelled Muslims and Jews from
  Spain (Inquisition) control most of Latin
  America and southern North America crucial in
  beginning of slave trade
• Treaty of Tordesillas divides South America
  between Spain and Portugal

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Age of Exploration

• France
• Power through trade and colonization (Northern
  parts of North America)
• Traders Trappers
• Louis XIV - absolute monarch Palace of
  Versailles

• England
• Power from trade and colonization
• British East India Company
• Mercantilism
• Strong naval force - defeat Spanish Armada
• Colonies on Eastern seaboard of N.America
• Strong limited government (monarchy) with
  Parliament
• Queen Elizabeth I

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Social and Gender Change in Early Modern Europe

• Major cities develop - Paris, London, Amsterdam
• Rise of small middle class (much bigger in
  Industrial Revolution)
• Rising gap between rich and poor
• Later marriage ages decline in arranged marriage
• Some women become educated
• Renaissance and Reformation change views of
  European society

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Early Modern Russia

• Post-Classical Mongol control of Russia hurts
  most of the region, except for Moscow, which
  benefits from the tax collection feudalism
  increases behind in trade and technological
  development
• Romanov Family dominates
• Expansion east use of Cossacks
• Peter the Great - Westernization St. Petersburg
  warm water port
• Catherine the Great appeal to upper classes
  (boyars) likes idea of Westernization, but
  doesnt implement it as well as Peter
• Both treat peasants terribly

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Exploration and Colonization of the Americas -
Consequences

• Decimation of indigenous peoples - Aztecs, Incas,
  Native Americans (90)
• Spread of Disease - smallpox, tuberculosis
• Columbian Exchange animals and crops
• Rise in coercive labor Encomiendas Slave labor
  
• European access to raw materials (silver, sugar,
  cotton, tobacco)

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Coercive or Forced Labor Systems
Type of labor system Location Demographic Impact Treatment of Slaves Status of Slaves
Slave Trade (Trans-Saharan and East Africa) East Africa Mostly women and lower-class women Part of property
Plantation System (Atlantic Slave Trade) Caribbean North and South America 15-25 million slaves to the Americas Middle Passage silver mining agricultural and domestic work Not much social mobility in early modern period
Janissaries Ottoman Empire young boys from Eastern Europe Military Service forced conversion to Islam Some social mobility
Serfdom Eastern Europe Russia Japan Becomes very similar to slavery Some mobility
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Early Modern Demographic Changes

• Rise in population in Europe
• Decrease in population in Americas
• 15th century 67 million living in North, Central
  and south America
• 1700 13 million in all of western hemisphere
• Africa slave trade hurt, but not decimate
  African demographics
• By 1700 doubled population in 1000 CE
• Western Africa only area really impacted by ST
• Asia between 1000 and 1700 CE - population
  almost doubles

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Major European Cultural and Intellectual
Developments

• Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries)
• Starts in Italy (humanism less focus on church
  Machiavelli secular paintings architecture)
• Spreads to Northern Europe (still focused on
  religion)

• Reformation
• 1517 Martin Luther posts 95 Theses
• Question of authority of Catholic Church
• Religion should be personal not corrupt
• Speaks out against Indulgences
• Many religious wars (Thirty Years War)
• Counter-Reformation (Catholic Churchs attempt to
  stop conversion)

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• Scientific Revolution
• World could be explained through natural, rather
  than religious, laws
• Sun center of the universe (heliocentric theory -
  Copernicus, Galileo)
• Scientific Method
• Diffuses throughout Europe and Americas

• Enlightenment
• Social Contract Theory- people have a say in
  government (John Locke)
• Natural Rights - life, liberty and property (John
  Locke)
• Right to revolution and overthrow of government
• Freedom of speech, press, and religion (Voltaire)
• Challenges idea of divine right of kings
• Diffuses through Europe and American colonies