The Early Modern World

1
The Early Modern World

• 1450???
• To 1750

2
Problems with periodization

• The beginning of the Modern Era
• 1300?
• 1350?
• 1400?
• 1450?
• 1492?
• WHY?

3
The world around 1300

• Population Decline and growth
• Black Plague (_at_1348)
• Feudalism in Japan (Kamakura) and Europe
• Pax Mongolica Yuan dynasty in China, Kievan Rus
  under Mongol rule
• Rise of the Inca and Aztec empires
• Mali at its height

4
Ca. 1300

• Delhi Sultanate in South Asia rise of Islam,
  decline of Buddhism, competing power bases.
• Founding of Ottoman dynasty (1281)
• Continued decline of Byzantium
• Trade circuits in Mediterranean, Indian Ocean,
  South China Sea, Trans-Saharan and across the
  Eurasian steppe

5
Think about it

• Predict what trends will change and which will
  stay the same.
• As the world continues to become more integrated
  circa 1450, predict which societies are in the
  best position to take advantage of new
  technologies and new discoveries.

6
Changes in Trade, Technology and Global
Interactions

• Exploration
• Gold, Glory and God
• Empire Building
• Cartography
• Commodities

7
Cultural and Intellectual Development

• Renaissance
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Patronage of the Arts

8
Changing Beliefs

• Reformation
• Neo-Confucianism
• Missionaries Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

9
Renaissance

• Renaissance- growth of idea of HUMANISM belief
  in human potential separate from religion.
• Patronage of the arts by the public and the
  church
• Rediscovery of Perspective by artists such as
  Raphael in Marriage of the Virgin 1504
• Renaissance was a REBIRTH OF WHAT?

10
Missionaries Jesuits
11
Commodities

• African slave trade
• Note the primary destinations!

12
Commodities Slavery
13
Commodities Sugar, Silver and Slaves
14
Commodities Coffee

• Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then later
  in Europe and the Americas
• European using chocolate technology from the
  Aztecs 17th Century

15
Empire Building

• How do empires rise and expand?
• What factors at this time will help empires
  maintain themselves and expand their borders?
• Consider the impact and nature of interaction
  with others

16
Empires Russia

• Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification and
  development
• Increasing absolutist rule and territorial
  expansion by 16th Century Ivan the Terrible
• Role of Russian Orthodox Church
• Peter the Great accelerated westernization
  process

17
Empires Ottoman, 1285-1914

• 1350s Initial Ottoman invasion of Europe
• 1453 Ottoman capture of Constantinople
• 1683 Ottoman siege of Vienna

18
Empires Ming China 1368-1644Manchu Qing
Dynasty 1644 - 1912
19
Empires JapanTokugawa, 1600-1853

• Taika, Nara and Heina periods (645-857) height
  of cultural borrowing from China
• -Tale of Genji Lady Murasaki
• Emergence of warrior class and increasing civil
  wars
• Encounter with Portuguese 1543
• Isolation from West rise of Tokugawas
• Tokugawa elite followed development in west
  (contrast to Chinas hairy barbarian mentality)

20
Empires Mughal India, 1556-1739

• Empire based on military strength
• Akbar attempt to combine beliefs into new
  religion to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects
  Din-I-Ilahi
• Indian textile trade value to Europeans
• Patronage to the arts--Shah Jahan

21
Empires England

• Limited Monarchy and the emergence of
  Constitutional Monarchy (1215 Magna Carta is the
  beginning)
• Civil Wars
• Commonwealth
• Charles II James II
• the Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights
• Enlightenment Ideas
• Colonies in Americas

22
Empires France

• Absolute Monarchy
• King Louis XIV
• I am the State
• Versailles
• Mercantilism
• Territorial expansion in Europe and fur-trading
  colonies in Saint Domingue (Haiti) and New France
  (Quebec)

23
Empires Dutch

• Dutch East India Company universal carriers
  In 1660, employed 12,000 people and had 257
  ships. Sought monopolies and large profits.
• North America (fur trade along the Hudson river,
  New Amsterdam)
• Caribbean islands for plantation settlements
• Capetown, South Africa way station
• Southeast Asia spice trade (nutmeg in Banda
  islands, cloves in Melaka and pepper in Banten)

24
Empires Spain

• Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada
• Inquisition
• Columbus voyage
• Arrival of Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru
• Took over existing tributary empires labor
  (mita), silver, gold, and foodstuffs
• Demographic impact disease, death, and mestizos

25
Spain
26
Empires Portugal

• Search for Maritime route to Asia
• Advanced naval technology caravels, carracks,
  astrolabe and compass
• Established fortresses along the Gold Coast
  sugar plantations and African slave labor
• Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama Malindi, Sofala
  and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao
• Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil sugar
  plantation

27
Brazil, plantation colony

• Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
• African slave labor used to support the
  plantation complex (sugar)
• Largest producer of sugar in world first half of
  17th C.

28
Empires African

• Characteristics of
• Stateless societies - organized around kinship,
  often larger than states, forms of government
• Large centralized states increased unity came
  from linguistic base Bantu, Christianity and
  Islam, as well as indigenous beliefs
• Trade markets, international commerce, taxed
  trade of unprocessed goods.

OYO--BENIN--KONGO--ASANTE
29
Cartographic Changes
30
Gender and Empire

• Changing roles
• Reigning queens
• Domestic work

31
Demographic and Environmental Changes

• Predict what the consequences of increased
  integration and empire building be on population?
  On the environment? Think long and short term.

32
Comparisons

• Be able to compare the following
• Imperial systems European monarchy vs. a
  land-based Asian empire sea-based empire vs.
  land-based
• Coercive labor systems
• Empire building in Asia, Africa, Latin America,
  and Europe
• Russias interaction with the west compared to
  others

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Conclusions

• What are the major themes that seem apparent?
• What global processes are in action?
• Suggest the best possible ways to learn case
  studies of these global forces.