Period 4: 1450

1
Period 4 1450 1750

2
?

• Whats the single most momentous event of this
  time period an event that truly changed the
  course of history all over the world?

3
!

• Whats the single most momentous event of this
  time period an event that truly changed the
  course of history all over the world?
• The arrival of Europeans in the Americas

4
Europe

• Over roughly the century following the Black
  Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved
  increasingly to the cities and Europe began to
  take advantage of its newfound reengagement with
  the wider world, developing a rising middle
  class. Whats the name of the rebirth in the
  arts and learning that dovetailed with this
  European phenomenon?

5
Europe

• Over roughly the century following the Black
  Death of the mid-1300s, individuals moved
  increasingly to the cities and Europe began to
  take advantage of its newfound reengagement with
  the wider world, developing a rising middle
  class. Whats the name of the rebirth in the
  arts and learning that dovetailed with this
  European phenomenon?
• The Renaissance (c. 1300s-1600)

6
Europe

• As Europeans became reacquainted with the texts
  of classical Greece and Rome which had been
  preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle
  Ages they were reawakened to the idea that life
  could be focused not so much on preparing for the
  afterlife but for celebrating individual human
  accomplishment in the here and now. Whats the
  name for this focus on the individual?

7
Europe

• As Europeans became reacquainted with the texts
  of classical Greece and Rome which had been
  preserved by Muslim scholars through the Middle
  Ages they were reawakened to the idea that life
  could be focused not so much on preparing for the
  afterlife but for celebrating individual human
  accomplishment in the here and now. Whats the
  name for this focus on the individual?
• Humanism

8
Europe

• The intellectual revolution that was the
  Renaissance began in the large city-states in the
  northern regions of what country, which had grown
  far more urban than most other parts of Europe as
  a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to
  trade?

9
Europe

• The intellectual revolution that was the
  Renaissance began in the large city-states in the
  northern regions of what country, which had grown
  far more urban than most other parts of Europe as
  a result of the Crusades and its ongoing spur to
  trade?
• Italy

10
Europe

• Why was the Medici family of Florence famous?

11
Europe

• Why was the Medici family of Florence famous?
• They turned their city into a showcase of art and
  architecture by being patrons for some of the
  greatest artists of all time, such as
  Michelangelo.

12
Europe

• In contrast to the flat works of medieval
  artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective
  to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and
  create more realistic, worldly renderings of its
  human subjects. What other major difference
  distinguished Renaissance art from that of the
  Middle Ages?

13
Europe

• In contrast to the flat works of medieval
  artists, Renaissance paintings used perspective
  to achieve the illusion of three dimensions and
  create more realistic, worldly renderings of its
  human subjects. What other major difference
  distinguished Renaissance art from that of the
  Middle Ages?
• Medieval art was almost always focused on
  religion and found in cathedrals, whereas
  Renaissance art was both religious and secular,
  and could be found in public places and the
  private homes of patrons.

14
Europe

• Who gets credit for inventing moveable type and
  the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even
  though printing processes were developed earlier
  in China during the Song dynasty)?

15
Europe

• Who gets credit for inventing moveable type and
  the modern printing press in the mid-1400s (even
  though printing processes were developed earlier
  in China during the Song dynasty)?
• Johannes Gutenberg

16
Europe

• Why is Gutenbergs printing press seen by many
  scholars as the most important invention of the
  last millennium?

17
Europe

• Why is Gutenbergs printing press seen by many
  scholars as the most important invention of the
  last millennium?
• It made books easier to produce and far more
  affordable which led to greatly increased
  literacy rates. It also fundamentally underlay
  the exchange of ideas that accompanied the
  Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,
  which found its ultimate political expression in
  the spread of democracy.

18
Europe

• What other major event of the 16th century did
  the printing press play an enabling role in an
  event launched by a German monk named Martin
  Luther?

19
Europe

• What other major event of the 16th century did
  the printing press play an enabling role in an
  event launched by a German monk named Martin
  Luther?
• The Protestant Reformation, because now people
  could read the Bible for themselves in their own
  vernacular, or native language, rather than rely
  on Church officials for interpretation.

20
Europe

• What was Martin Luthers beef with the Catholic
  Church?

21
Europe

• What was Martin Luthers beef with the Catholic
  Church?
• He took issue with the selling of indulgences
  (which supposedly reduced your time in purgatory
  and implied you could buy your way into heaven),
  thought church services should be conducted in
  local languages instead of Latin, and claimed
  salvation was given by God through grace directly
  to individuals not through the authorization of
  the Catholic Church.

22
Europe

• Another major figure responsible for the spread
  of Protestantism was a man who preached an
  ideology of predestination that God had
  predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people,
  only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved.
  Who was he?

23
Europe

• Another major figure responsible for the spread
  of Protestantism was a man who preached an
  ideology of predestination that God had
  predetermined an ultimate destiny for all people,
  only a few of whom (the Elect) would be saved.
  Who was he?
• John Calvin, whose Calvinism influenced John Knox
  in Scotland and the minority Huguenots in largely
  Catholic France.

24
Europe

• Who declared himself the head of the Church of
  England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?

25
Europe

• Who declared himself the head of the Church of
  England, a.k.a. the Anglican Church?
• King Henry VIII, who renounced the Catholic
  Church in Rome after the pope refused to grant
  him a marriage annulment (he wanted to leave his
  wife, Catherine of Aragon, for failing to give
  him a son to be heir to the throne).

26
Scientific Revolution

• Why did the Church put Galileo on trial before
  the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?

27
Scientific Revolution

• Why did the Church put Galileo on trial before
  the Inquisition in Rome during the 17th century?
• He published a book that showed scientifically
  how the model of the universe that the Church
  supported that the Earth was the center of the
  universe was incorrect.

28
Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution further eroded the
  power of the Church as many intellectuals came to
  see its views as incompatible with the natural
  world they were now more fully understanding.
  Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know
  what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?

29
Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution further eroded the
  power of the Church as many intellectuals came to
  see its views as incompatible with the natural
  world they were now more fully understanding.
  Many became atheists or Deists. You probably know
  what an atheist is, but what is a Deist?
• A Deist believes that God exists but doesnt
  answer prayers that God created the universe
  but lets it run by its own natural laws without
  divine intervention.

30
Scientific Revolution

• Advances in thinking associated with the
  Scientific Revolution spilled over into the
  realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in
  what major development of the 17th and 18th
  centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by
  divine right and profoundly influenced the
  Founders of the United States?

31
Scientific Revolution

• Advances in thinking associated with the
  Scientific Revolution spilled over into the
  realms of philosophy and politics, ushering in
  what major development of the 17th and 18th
  centuries that undermined the idea of monarchy by
  divine right and profoundly influenced the
  Founders of the United States?
• The Enlightenment

32
Enlightenment

• What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly
  associated with each of the following John
  Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?

33
Enlightenment

• What was the Enlightenment idea most clearly
  associated with each of the following John
  Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu?
• Locke all men born equal, entitled to
  unalienable rights (life, liberty, property)
• Voltaire freedom of speech and religion
• Montesquieu separation of powers among branches
  of government

34
Enlightenment

• Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia
  were examples of what type of leaders who tried
  to partially embrace the ages philosophical
  ideas about tolerance and greater personal
  liberty while still ruling with absolute power?

35
Enlightenment

• Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia
  were examples of what type of leaders who tried
  to partially embrace the ages philosophical
  ideas about tolerance and greater personal
  liberty while still ruling with absolute power?
• Enlightened Monarchs (or Enlightened Despots)

36
Exploration

• What triggered the Age of Exploration?

37
Exploration

• What triggered the Age of Exploration?
• Improvements in sailing technology enabled it,
  but the real impetus was the European desire to
  find direct trade routes to the East that
  bypassed the Muslim and Italian middlemen, from
  whom many items had to be purchased.

38
Exploration

• Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

39
Exploration

• Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
• A Portuguese royal who encouraged his countrys
  early lead in exploration. Because of its close
  proximity to Africa, Portugal had close trade
  ties with Muslim nations and was the first
  European power to navigate around the Cape of
  Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean (thanks to
  Vasco de Gama and his crew).

40
Exploration

• After Columbus arrival in the Americas, Spain
  and Portugal began quarreling over land claims
  and how they settled their dispute explains why
  Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of
  Spanish. What settled the disputes?

41
Exploration

• After Columbus arrival in the Americas, Spain
  and Portugal began quarreling over land claims
  and how they settled their dispute explains why
  Brazilians today speak Portuguese instead of
  Spanish. What settled the disputes?
• The Treaty of Tordesillas, which established a
  longitudinal line in the Western Atlantic Ocean
  Spain got land to the west of the line, while
  Portugal got dibs on land to the east.

42
Americas

• Hernan Cortes conquered what American empire with
  a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the
  early 16th century?

43
Americas

• Hernan Cortes conquered what American empire with
  a small Spanish army of about 600 men in the
  early 16th century?
• The Aztecs

44
Americas

• What Spanish conquistador conquered the even
  larger Inca Empire in South America with an even
  smaller army?

45
Americas

• What Spanish conquistador conquered the even
  larger Inca Empire in South America with an even
  smaller army?
• Francisco Pizarro

46
Americas

• Why were Cortes and Pizarro and later
  Europeans, for that matter able to conquer the
  indigenous people of the Americas?

47
Americas

• Why were Cortes and Pizarro and later
  Europeans, for that matter able to conquer the
  indigenous people of the Americas?
• They had superior technology (including ships and
  guns), horses and diseases to which the
  Amerindians were not immune.

48
Americas

• Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 95
  percent of the indigenous population in the
  Americas following the Europeans arrival. How
  did that lead to the African slave trade?

49
Americas

• Diseases such as smallpox killed perhaps 95
  percent of the indigenous population in the
  Americas following the Europeans arrival. How
  did that lead to the African slave trade?
• When Europeans recognized the land as ideal for
  cash-crop plantations (especially for sugar in
  the Caribbean and Brazil), they needed a great
  deal of labor to plant and harvest so they
  turned to Africa.

50
American Feudalism

• What labor system in the Americas, used by the
  Spaniards to build their colonial empire, was in
  many ways similar to European serfdom?

51
American Feudalism

• What labor system in the Americas, used by the
  Spaniard to build their colonial empire, was in
  many ways similar to European serfdom?
• The encomienda system

52
Columbian Exchange

• What was the Columbian Exchange?

53
Columbian Exchange

• What was the Columbian Exchange?
• The transfer between the Americas and Europe (and
  eventually to the rest of the world) of foods,
  animals, diseases and other resources. To the
  Americas came such things as horses, cattle,
  pigs, goats, sugar cane and smallpox. From the
  Americas came corn, potatoes, squash, beans,
  cacao, manioc, peanuts, tomatoes, peppers and
  silver.

54
Financing Exploration

• Along with the Church backing away from its ban
  on charging interest for loans, what financial
  innovation helped turn the Age of Exploration
  into a complete Commercial Revolution?

55
Financing Exploration

• Along with the Church backing away from its ban
  on charging interest for loans, what financial
  innovation helped turn the Age of Exploration
  into a complete Commercial Revolution?
• The creation of the joint-stock company, in which
  investors could pool their money and share risk,
  then split the profits.

56
Economics

• What theory of economics underlay the desire
  among Europeans to colonize in order to maintain
  a favorable balance of trade (export more than
  import to grow wealthy)?

57
Economics

• What theory of economics underlay the desire
  among Europeans to colonize in order to maintain
  a favorable balance of trade (export more than
  import to grow wealthy)?
• Mercantilism

58
Spain

• What major act of institutional intolerance did
  Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late
  15th century, in which they persecuted and
  expelled those who practiced Judaism and Islam
  and partly explains why Spain was unable to
  maintain its initial position as the strongest
  European power during the Age of Exploration?

59
Spain

• What major act of institutional intolerance did
  Catholic Spain undertake beginning in the late
  15th century, in which they persecuted and
  expelled those who practiced Judaism and Islam
  and partly explains why Spain was unable to
  maintain its initial position as the strongest
  European power during the Age of Exploration?
• Spanish Inquisition

60
England

• What daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen from
  1558 to 1603 a golden time during which the
  English navy defeated the Spanish Armada,
  Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East
  India Company got off the ground and the first
  English colony was established in North America
  (Roanoke in Virginia)?

61
England

• What daughter of Henry VIII reined as queen from
  1558 to 1603 a golden time during which the
  English navy defeated the Spanish Armada,
  Shakespeare wrote his plays, the British East
  India Company got off the ground and the first
  English colony was established in North America
  (Roanoke in Virginia)?
• Elizabeth I

62
England

• What happened to Charles I at the conclusion of
  the English Civil War (1642-1649), something that
  had never before happened to a reigning monarch
  anywhere?

63
England

• What happened to Charles I at the conclusion of
  the English Civil War (1642-1649), something that
  had never before happened to a reigning monarch
  anywhere?
• He was found guilty of treason and executed.

64
England

• The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the bloodless
  overthrow of King James II by William and Mary.
  What form of government in which the royal
  family explicitly recognized Parliament as a
  partner in governing and was codified by the
  English Bill of Rights (1689) was established
  following the Glorious Revolution?

65
England

• The Glorious Revolution (1688) was the bloodless
  overthrow of King James II by William and Mary.
  What form of government in which the royal
  family explicitly recognized Parliament as a
  partner in governing and was codified by the
  English Bill of Rights (1689) was established
  following the Glorious Revolution?
• constitutional monarchy

66
France

• Although Louis XIV was perhaps the most legendary
  of all the absolute monarchs of Europe, what was
  the ultimate legacy he left to France?

67
France

• Although Louis XIV was perhaps the most legendary
  of all the absolute monarchs of Europe, what was
  the ultimate legacy he left to France?
• France may have been the most cultured state in
  all of Europe with regard to such things as art
  and literature, but his costly wars and
  extravagant Palace of Versailles weakened the
  country financially and set it on course
  ultimately for the violent and radical French
  Revolution later in the 1700s.

68
Central Europe

• What conflict during the first half of the 17th
  century strengthened France and Prussia but
  killed perhaps one-third of the people living in
  the Holy Roman Empire, and was concluded with the
  Peace of Westphalia?

69
Central Europe

• What conflict during the first half of the 17th
  century strengthened France and Prussia but
  killed perhaps one-third of the people living in
  the Holy Roman Empire, and was concluded with the
  Peace of Westphalia?
• Thirty Years War

70
Prussia

• True or False Prussia was the country formed by
  the combination of Poland and Russia?

71
Prussia

• True or False Prussia was the country formed by
  the combination of Poland and Russia?
• False Prussia was a city-state centered in
  Berlin, which was later a key part of the
  unification of Germany during the 19th century.

72
Russia

• Why was Moscow called the Third Rome?

73
Russia

• Why was Moscow called the Third Rome?
• Rome, of course, was the First Rome and
  Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire,
  was the Second Rome and after Constantinople
  fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, Moscow
  shrugged off the Mongols and became the center of
  Orthodox Christianity.

74
Russia

• Who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built
  Russias first navy, founded on the Baltic Sea a
  new capital, and recruited western European
  engineers, architects and scientists in his
  effort to westernize Russia?

75
Russia

• Who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, built
  Russias first navy, founded on the Baltic Sea a
  new capital, and recruited western European
  engineers, architects and scientists in his
  effort to westernize Russia?
• Peter the Great (the capital was St. Petersburg)

76
Gunpowder Empires

• Which empire was founded by Osman Bey as the
  Mongol Empire fell, was centered in what is now
  Turkey and eventually became known as the Sick
  Man of Europe as it weakened and finally fell
  after World War I?

77
Gunpowder Empires

• Which empire was founded by Osman Bey as the
  Mongol Empire fell, was centered in what is now
  Turkey and eventually became known as the Sick
  Man of Europe as it weakened and finally fell
  after World War I?
• Ottoman Empire

78
Gunpowder Empires

• The Ottomans enslaved the children of their
  Christian subjects and trained them to be an
  elite corps of warriors known as what?

79
Gunpowder Empires

• The Ottomans enslaved the children of their
  Christian subjects and trained them to be an
  elite corps of warriors known as what?
• Janissaries

80
Gunpowder Empires

• Name the Mughal ruler who was a contemporary of
  Englands Queen Elizabeth I and unified much of
  India by governing with a policy of religious
  toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?

81
Gunpowder Empires

• Name the Mughal ruler who was a contemporary of
  Englands Queen Elizabeth I and unified much of
  India by governing with a policy of religious
  toleration (e.g., no head tax on Hindus)?
• Akbar

82
Africa

• What kingdom had close economic ties with
  Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted many
  of its people to Catholicism but ultimately was
  weakened and destroyed by hostilities arising
  from Portuguese tactics and desire for slaves
  from the interior of Africa?

83
Africa

• What kingdom had close economic ties with
  Portugal beginning in the 1480s, converted many
  of its people to Catholicism but ultimately was
  weakened and destroyed by hostilities arising
  from Portuguese tactics and desire for slaves
  from the interior of Africa?
• Kongo

84
China

• Why did the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) weaken and
  fall to the Manchus, or Qing dynasty (1644-1911)?
• The Ming were unable to deal with crises such as
  piracy and famine mainly because of inept,
  hedonistic emperors who neglected the affairs of
  state and allowed eunuch intermediaries to grow
  powerful and corrupt.

85
China

• The Manchus preserved their distinctive cultural
  and ethnic identities (they outlawed
  intermarriage, for one thing), but how did they
  feel about Chinas Confucian tradition?

86
China

• The Manchus preserved their distinctive cultural
  and ethnic identities (they outlawed
  intermarriage, for one thing), but how did they
  feel about Chinas Confucian tradition?
• They embraced it. Kangxi (who ruled from 1661 to
  1722), for example, studied Confucian classics
  and tried to apply their teachings during his
  enlightened rule.

87
Japan

• Describe Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate
  (1600-1868).

88
Japan

• Describe Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate
  (1600-1868).
• The emperor and daimyo (feudal lords) were
  marginalized as the shogun seized power and
  ownership of all lands. A rigid social class not
  unlike a caste system was instituted (warrior,
  farmer, artisan and merchant), and trade and
  travel was severely restricted which kept Japan
  secluded until the mid-1800s.

89
Technology

• What three technological innovations did
  Europeans adopt from elsewhere and perfect in
  order to become the dominant global power during
  this time period?

90
Technology

• What three technological innovations did
  Europeans adopt from elsewhere and perfect in
  order to become the dominant global power during
  this time period?
• Gunpowder weapons, navigation and naval
  technologies, and the printing press