Modernizing War

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Modernizing War

• 1. Connections, Issues, Questions
• Industrialization of War Toward Total War
• World War I
• 4. World War II The War in China and the Pacific
• 5. Concluding Thoughts

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The French Revolution/Napoleonic Wars

• Subjects of the old regime become citizens of the
  new nation
• Reconstitution of the militarydevelopment of a
  volunteer army drawn from the citizens militia of
  the revolution
• Levee en masse of 1793
• Jourdan law of 1798 system of universal
  conscription

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Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831)

• Highly influential military theorist
• On War his opus on warfare, published after his
  death in 1832
• Concepts of absolute war (similar to total war),
  limited wars (wars with more narrowly defined
  objectives)
• War is a continuation of politics by other
  means
• The fog of war

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The American Civil War, 1861-1865

• Test of willtwo states at war over way of
  life
• Rise of Industrial WarRailways, telegraph,
  machine guns
• War of attritionNorth has more people and
  Industrial resources
• Over 600,000 Killed

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World War I

• Shocking violenceend of enlightenment hopes
• A war in which technology changescharacterized
  as a transition from early phase of war with 19th
  C. tactics, to a modern war
• Trenches, stalemateleads to bigger, deadlier
  guns, poison gas, tanks and planes
• Total War Home front mobilization, power of
  modern propaganda, strict censorship of the press
  to ensure one nations interpretations of the war
  and of the enemy

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The Second World War The View from East Asia

• Chinaa nation experiencing continuous warfare
  from 1900-1950s
• Establishes a Republic in 1911Its Failure in
  1912 leads to descent into warlordism
• Revolutionary political partiesthe Nationalist
  and the Chinese Communistsfuse military and
  political agenda during prolonged war with Japan,
  1931-1945
• Mao Zedong Political power grows from the
  barrel of a gun
• The modern Chinese state forged out of context of
  total war
• Impact of war on the revolutionary agenda of the
  Chinese Communists who come to power in 1949

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Japanese Invasion of China

• Starts in the early 1930s, formal war of invasion
  launched in 1937
• By 194520 million Chinese civilians dead, along
  with 2-3 million military deaths
• Major atrocities committed by Japanese military
  against Chinese civilians
• the Nanjing massacre-December 1937
• 3-Alls campaignKill all, burn all, loot all

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U.S. Strategic Bombing of Japan

• Architect of the bombing campaign General Curtis
  Bombs Away Lemay
• Incendiary bombing of Tokyo March 9-10, kills
  80,000
• With Hiroshima and Nagasaki as part of the
  campaign87 percent of the urban targets are
  residential areas
• Over 600,000 Japanese civilians killed
• General Lemay I suppose if I had lost the war,
  I would have been tried as a war criminal.
  Fortunately, we were on the winning side."

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• Ultimately, war is still an art, and like all
  artistic endeavours, human imagination will
  continue to drive inventive forms and executions
  of its subject. In a sense, the most basic of the
  principles of war is the need to constantly
  challenge, re-evaluate, and modernize all of
  them. The job is never done.
• ---Brigadier General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., U.S.
  Air Force, 2006