China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms

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China since World War II From Revolutions to
Reforms
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Outline

• GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
• Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
• Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
• Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
• Recovery growing elite division (1962-5)
• Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Reforms and opening up (1978- )

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Legacies of imperial China

• political philosophy of Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
• ordered hierarchy of harmonious relationships
• bureaucracy of scholar-officials
• political system of centralized imperial rule
• endured from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D.
• The last dynasty Qing (1644-1911)
• domestic rebellion and foreign encroachment
• replaced by the Republic of China in 1912

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War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-1945)
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GMD-CCP Civil War 1946-1949

• GMD Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
• Chiang Kai-shek (President)
• CCP Chinese Communist Party
• Mao Zedong

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Peoples Republic of China

• 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
• Chairman Mao Zedong
• 5-Star Red Flag
• Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

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Economic Reconstruction 1950s

• Soviet Union model and assistance
• land reform (eliminate landlord class)
• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
• First National Peoples Congress (1954)
• PRC Constitution
• Zhou Enlai
• Premier
• Foreign Minister

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Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

• abandon the Soviet model of economic development
• Soviet scientific planning
• mass mobilization
• peoples communes

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Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

• unrealistic output targets
• industry
• agricultural and human disaster

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Growing Division (1962-1965)

• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

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Cultural Revolution (1966-76)

• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

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Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

• Purge of party cadres
• Purge of intellectuals

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Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

• Purge of Liu Shaoqi Deng Xiaoping
• 1966 - 1971 Lin Biao
• 1972 - 1976 Gang of Four

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Diplomatic Achievements

• 1971, PRC became the representative of China in
  UN (replaced ROC)
• 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

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Mao and Zhou Died in 1976

• Turning point in Chinas postwar era
• Gang of Four were arrested
• End of the Cultural Revolution

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Reforms and Opening up

• The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee
  in 1978
• Deng Xiaopings ascendancy
• economic modernization became focus
• US-PRC established diplomatic relationship in 1979

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Deng Xiaoping

• Deng Xiaoping as the general architect of
  reforms and opening up (1978-1997)
• Deng handpicked 3 successive CCP General
  Secretaries
• Zhao Ziyang (1987-1989)
• Jiang Zemin (1989-2002)
• Hu Jintao (2002- )
• economy growing out of the plan

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Tiananmen 1989

• CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang (elite
  reformist) was removed from all positions
• Deng Xiaoping retired from day-to-day policy
  making

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socialist market economy

• break the monopoly of state ownership
• 11 million private enterprises employ 113 million
  people at the end of 2012
• 41 million household enterprises employ 86
  million people at the end of 2012
• foreign-invested enterprises employ 12 million
• reforms of the state-owned enterprises
• transformation into joint-stock companies

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Hong Kong

• On July 1, 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to
  China
• Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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China joined WTO in 2001

• Expansion of trade and investment
• weed out inefficient state-owned enterprises
• further retreat of state from economy
• further divide
• urban-rural
• coastal-inland
• unemployment

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Recent political changes

• Then CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin announced
  in 2001 that the Party would recruit private
  entrepreneurs
• in the 18th CCP National Congress in November
  2012, Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as the
  General Secretary of CCP
• in the 12th National Peoples Congress in March
  2013, Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as the
  President of PRC