The Renaissance 1450-1527

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The Renaissance 1450-1527

• Unit EQ
• Why does the Renaissance mark the beginning of
  the modern era?

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What are the indexes of modernity?

• Pressures for increased democracy
• Loosening of old customs
• Questioning of ancestral religions increased
  secularization
• Demands for individual liberation
• Expectation of a higher standard of living
• Drive for more equality (gender, race, class,
  religious, nationalities)
• Elaborate means of transportation and
  communication
• Advanced science, medicine, hygiene, agriculture
• Sophisticated means for fighting or negotiating
  peace
• Complex networks of finance and trade

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Open the door and a few flies come in - Deng
Xiaoping on Chinas modernization
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Renaissance the 5 Ws

• WHAT?
• WHEN?
• WHERE?
• WHO?
• WHY?

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WHAT was the Renaissance?
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The Late Middle Ages Cathedrals
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After 1450 Humanism revived
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Renaissance Ideals

• Humanism
• - Individualism
• - Secularism
• -Materialism
• virtu Civic Humanism applying humanist
  values to the improvement of public virtue
• Expectation of a
• better life in this world
• for future generations
• Humans have power to improve and achieve
• progress

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Civic humanism
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Essential UnderstandingTime, Continuity Change

• Medieval legacies
• Renaissance departures

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WHEN? A Movable Feast
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The Late Middle Ages Prelude to the Modern
World 1100-1350

• Magna Charta, 1215 limits the arbitrary rule of
  monarchs
• Cities emerge around cathedrals and universities
• Scholasticism revives the study of logic and
  reason
• Trade picks up between Italy and the non-western
  world
• prelude beginning that transitions to a main
  event

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Medieval legacies Renaissance
departures(5th 14th C)
(15th 18th C)

• Although the elements of continuity are
  clear, the characteristic outlook of the Middle
  Ages was as different from that of the modern age
  as it was from that of the ancient world
• Human intellect/reason CAN interpret the natural
  world through science
• Nature is a unified field, not a hierarchical one
• Nationalism replaced personal feudal
  allegiances
• Science and possibility of human progress replace
  faith and a sinful individual

• In innumerable ways todays world is linked to
  the Middle Ages
• Technological lead of the West
• Higher law of God
• Sacred worth of individual
• The ideal of the noble warrior
• Government by consent and rule by law (Magna
  Charta, 1215)

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Medieval legacies Renaissance
departures(5th 14th C)
(15th 18th C)

• Although the elements of continuity are
  clear, the characteristic outlook of the Middle
  Ages was as different from that of the modern age
  as it was from that of the ancient world

• In innumerable ways todays world is linked to
  the Middle Ages

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WHERE city states and principalities of
the Italian peninsula

• Continuous trade with the Mediterranean world
• during the Middle Ages
• Urban centers emerge
• Commercial classes in city states emerge as a
  vibrant force, patronize art
• Greek scholars flee there
• after 1453
• Legacy of Romes glory
• and civic pride

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WHO?

• Humanist scholars
• Wealthy patrons
• Philosophers
• Historians
• Artists and poets
• Government officials civil servants

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WHOPetrarch, Bruni, Valla, Mirandola
Humanists create A New Set of Values

• Transition from Scholasticism to philology and
  liberal arts
• Revival of classical texts, Latin language, Greek
  philosophy from Byzantine Empire after 1453
• Use of objective historical analysis
• Intellectual curiosity glorified

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WHY IMPORTANT?Renaissance ideals live on in the
indexes of modernity

• Respect for dignity of the individual and
  liberty
• Science replaces faith as source of material
  knowledge
• Expectation of a decent standard of living and
  growth of middle class
• Diplomacy and balance of power deployed
• Centralized state authority serves as a buffer
  against feudalism and disorder

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What needs to be explained is not the existence
of a Leonardo or a Michelangelo but their
co-existence - KGO
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What are the indexes of modernity?

• Pressures for increased democracy
• Loosening of old customs
• Questioning of ancestral religions increased
  secularization
• Demands for individual liberation
• Expectation of a higher standard of living
• Drive for more equality (gender, race, class,
  religious, nationalities)
• Elaborate means of transportation and
  communication
• Advanced science, medicine, hygiene, agriculture
• Sophisticated means for fighting or negotiating
  peace
• Complex networks of finance and trade

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Medieval Renaissance painting compared

• Subject matter
• Purpose
• Techniques

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The RenaissanceA New Age by Self-Assertion
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Gothic Cathedrals

• Long naves to the alter
• Flying buttresses for support
• Stained glass windows
• Statues of saints
• Towns grow up around the cathedrals

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Brunelleschi -revived classical elements -
synthesizes classical architecture with gothic
cathedral structure
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Prague, Czech Republic
Florence, Italy
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Alberti

• A building, like a body, needs an even number of
  supports and like a head, an odd number of
  openings

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Painting Medieval versus Renaissance
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Massacio The Expulsion of Adam And Eve (ca.
1425) -used shading to create light and
shadow -used linear persepctive
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Classical themes admired architecture, heroes,
education.
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Massacio linear persepctive
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Leonardo da Vinci

• Sfumato
• Chiarrascurro

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The creation of naturalism.

• Proportionality
• Humanistic subject matter
• Meticulous observation of what occurs in nature
• Mathematical perspective to create the illusion
  of 3 dimensionality

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Raphaels The Three Graces

• Emphasis
• on beauty

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Botticellis Birth of Venus
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Individualism
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Materialism and luxury The beginning Of the
Bourgeoisie Urban upper Middle class
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Two different visions of sculpture
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Two different visions of scultpture

• Gargoyle on cathedral, Michelangelos Pieta,
• Medieval Renaissance
• Abstract Naturalistic
• Spiritual only Humanistic
• Embedded in cathedral Free-standing

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Donatello

• Revived free-standing sculpture
• Studied human anatomy

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Renaissance sculpture

• Contraposto
• Free-standing
• Proportional
• anatomy studies and mathematics
• Bold attitude
• PURPOSE naturalism as a metaphor for humanism

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The Middle Ages A Dark Age ?
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The RenaissanceA New Age by Self-Assertion
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15th century society
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The Gate to The Market, Krakow, Poland
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Continuity.and..Changein Renaissance Society

• Agriculture and rural society predominate
• Family relationships most important
• Importance of the church in daily life
• Patriarchy
• Disparity rich/ poor/small middle class
• Short life expectancy
• The Great Chain of Being dominates religious
  values beleifs

• Revival of cities
• More consumer goods available to all
• More luxury goods available to some
• Expectation of a better SOL for future
  generations emerges
• Beginning of the bourgeoisie (middle class)

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Medieval v. Renaissance ideals

• MEDIEVAL LIFE
• Christianity central to society, culture, and
  education
• Strict feudal hierarchy
• Decentralized authorities
• Local, agrarian economies
• and customs (the lords manor)

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Classical Mythology
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Medieval v. Renaissance ideals

• MEDIEVAL LIFE
• Christianity central to society, culture, and
  education
• Strict feudal hierarchy
• Decentralized authorities
• Local, agrarian economies
• and customs (the lords manor)

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SUBJECT MATTERSACRED, SECULAR, AND CLASSICAL
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Classical humanism in art

• Revered both secular and sacred subjects
• Used Greek and Roman art as models
• Heightened awareness of individualism, beauty,
  the dignity of man
• Used the human form as a metaphor for the
  potentiality and power of the human mind
• Required the support of wealthy patrons

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Renaissance HumanismEmphasized

• Reverence for Classical civilization
• Beauty of human mind and body
• Civic humanism Power of individual to improve,
  excel and create progress
• A liberal arts education was the means to
  individual fulfillment and social progress

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Materialism and luxury
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DOC. 1
DOC. 2
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Objective Studies of Nature and Objects The
Hare by Albrecht Durer
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What was Italy in the 15-16C?

• Many city states and kingdoms
• No centralized authority
• to create a unified Italy
• While still mostly rural, the Italian peninsula
  was the most urbanized place in Europe
• Condotierri and diplomats were the regulators of
  the balance of power
• Trade continued throughout the Middle ages

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What were the characteristics ofItalian city
states?Florence
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The Medicis

• Began as merchants then took capital went into
  banking
• Became powerful politicians and married into
  royal and papal families
• Lorenzo builds a library of classical works,
  patronizes artists
• Cosimo attempts (but does not succeed) in
  bringing order to Florentine politics

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Venice La Serenissima

• First global mercantile empire
• Served as conduit between west and the orient
  throughout late Middle Ages
• Aspired to republican glory through the Doge and
  the Great Council

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Balance of power and diplomacy used to prevent
hegemony among the Italian city statesorigins
of modern international relations.
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The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein
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Baldassare Castiglione

• Let the man we are seeking be exceedingly
• fierce, harsh, and always among the first,
  wherever the enemy is and in every other place,
  humane, modest and reserved

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The Prince as the Agent of Change

• Every prince must desire to be considered
  merciful and not cruel. He must, however, take
  care not to misuse this mercifulnessA prince,
  therefore, must not mind incurring the charge of
  cruelty for the purpose of keeping his subjects
  united and faithful

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Machiavelli v. Castiglione

• What are ethics? Do ethics have a place in
  political leadership?
• Is it better to be feared than loved?
• What is the most effective type of leadership?

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Machiavellis Legacy

• Do the ends justify the means?
• Conflict of western values
• -is the state more important than the
  individual?
• -is order and stability more important than
  individual rights?
• Is politics divorced from ethics?
• Politics as a science
• -leaders can study what worked in the past as
  a guide to policy
• -leaders must pursue pragmatic policies, not
  ethical ideals

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Two visions of Civil SocietyMachiavelli Castigl
ione

• The ends justify the means
• Politics is separate from Christian ethics
• The prince should prefer fear to love as a tool
  of government
• Centralized authority is preferable to feudalism
• Leaders should do what is effective, not ideal

• Leaders are role models and should act
  accordingly to inspire their people
• Ideals DO matter in government
• The Prince should cultivate his character to
  improve his rule
• Rulers should be intellectually curious

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Two visions of Effective LeadershipMachiavelli
Castiglione
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1453, Seige of Constantinople

• Greek scholars come to Italy
• Mediterranean monarchs sponsor new trade routes
  to avoid trade with Muslim Constantinople
• Atlantic becomes new market
• in global trade

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Fall of Rome 1527 Second turning point

• End of Italian Renaissance
• Diffusion of Renaissance
• ideals to Northern Europe
• End of Italian political
• power until unification in 1870

Connections to Machiavelli political
philosophy????
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Northern Renaissance

• Emphasis on Christian
• Humanism and piety
• Photographic-like naturalism
• Nature and bible themes

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The Northern Renaissance and Christian Humanism
lay the foundations for Martin Luthers 95 Theses
and the Reformation
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Understand the Question

• Describe the various values and purposes of
• Renaissance education.
• Analyze the extent to which these values and
• purposes were transformed and challenged over
• times

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Document 7

• At least twice a year...not only for learning
• the liberal arts, but also the fear of God,
• virtue and discipline
• From the School of Ordinances of
• Wurttemberg, Germany,
• 1559

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Northern RenaissanceHumanistic Art,
Christian Subject Matter
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Document 12

• Percentage of Justices of the Peace
• Who attended University (by county)
• Date Kent Northamptonshire Somerset

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The value of the individual as represented
through portraiture
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Intellectual Curiosity Encouraged, Scholars
revered, Latin, Universal Language of
Scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam, Christian
Humanist (by Hans Holbein)
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Sir Thomas More, Christian Humanist
of England Painted by Hans Holbein