From the Age of Faith to the Age of Reason

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From the Age of Faith to the Age of Reason
HIS1104 Tradition and Transformation in Western
History
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An Overview

• The Middle Ages (Age of Faith) ????
• as reaction,?
• Renaissance ????,
• Reformation ????,
• Scientific Revolution ????
• ?
• Enlightenment ???? ?? ???? (Age of Reason)

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Renaissance

• Definition
• Renaissance the revival of antiquity (golden
  age)
• Renaissance means rebirth (??,??,??) and it
  refers specifically to the intellectual and
  artistic flowering that began in Italy in the
  14th century, eventually spread across the Alps
  ??,????????????????
• architecture, theology, science technology
  (anatomy)
• e.g. Leonardo da Vinci
• Mona Lisa, The Last Supper anatomy

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Renaissance

• We may employ the term, however, in a more
  general sense to describe the entire process of
  change that transformed medieval into modern
  Europe.
• (??Early Modern Europe)
• Renaissance man was heir of Middle Ages man, but
  more secular
• ? ????

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Renaissance

• Background
• Italy, the symbol of Roman civilization, in the
  14th c., was not united
• A group of city-states/republics,
• (Absence of feudalism)
• Freedom of tradeInternational trade
• (Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice)Mercantile
  economy ?
• commerce industry created a group of wealthy
  middle-class laymen
• They were concerned with everyday problems of
  politics business than with questions of
  salvation, faith, the relationship of the soul
  to God.

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Renaissance

• Renaissance man was more attracted to the
  beauties of NATURE than the piety of saints.
• a new kind of individual, self-conscious,
  many-sided universal man
• the discovery of the world, of man

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Renaissance

• 14th c. Florentine upper class society was
  many-sided
• secular (BUT not clerical nor feudal)
• based on wealth, political influence only
• social mobility
• individuals had the opportunity for personal
  success
• the surest road to success
• business politics

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Renaissance

• Florence (????/???),???
• With its large textile industry its
  international banking, was to become the focal
  point of Italian
• Renaissance culture (1450 - )
• In Florence, enterprising individuals families
  grew wealthy from the profits of international
  commerce banking
• The Bardi, the Peruzzi, the Medici were the
  great Florence banking families great patrons
  of art

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Renaissance

• Renaissance people tended to be this worldly
• Materialistic, ambitious, practical, competitive,
  individualistic, middle class
• patronizing artists writers

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Dante

• Florentines Dante ?? (1265-132) Divine Comedy
  (??)
• Boccaccio (1313-1375) The Decameron (???)
• Petrach (1304-1374)
• Dante ??
• Divine Comedy
• An allegory of mans search for salvation Hell,
  Purgatory (??), the Heaven
• criticism of the times,
• written in Italian poems

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Dante and His Work

• Hell 33 chapters
• Purgatory 33 chapters
• Heaven 33 chapters
• Introduction
• 100 chapters

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Humanism

• Humanism (????)
• may be defined as an intellectual movement that
  stressed the study of the classics and imitation
  of classic modes of thought expression.
• grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, moral
  philosophy

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Petrach

• Petrach (the founding humanist in the mid-14th
  c.)
• When the darkness breaks, the generations to
  come may manage to find their way back to the
  clear splendor of the ancient past.
• The humanists sought the answers to their
  questions in the classics. The ancient writers
  became authorities. Favourite sources Cicero,
  Plato

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Machiavelli

• Machiavelli (1469-1527) (???? ???)
• Was the son of a Florentine family that had been
  in the Florentine politics for generations
• The Prince
• Machiavelli seems to advocate tyranny as the only
  sure antidote to mans natural egoism
  contentiousness
• domestic peace is to be sought at all costs, even
  to the exclusion of liberty. In practice, any
  action by a dictator is good, so long as it
  serves the state
• It is only by means of a strong ordered state
  that mans dangerous natural qualities can be
  curbed.

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Renaissance

• This recognition of the state as a sovereign
  entity was one of Machiavellis greatest
  contributions to modern thought
• --- national state
• The Prince
• controversial
• satire?
• real?
• Or an expression of an idealistic mans
  disillusionment with the failure of republican
  institutions even in his beloved Florence
• Like ancient Athenians (????)

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Renaissance Men

• Renaissance men were many-sided (all-roundedness)
• e.g. Leonardo da Vinci
• e.g. Michelangelo (1475-11564)
• a universal man a writer, poet, sculptor,
  painter, and an architect supremely gifted in
  everything that he undertook

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The Northern Renaissance

• The Northern Renaissance
• Sir Thomas More (England) (1478-1535)
• Utopia (???)
• printing, gunpowder, compass in the discovery
  of the New World

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Renaissance Conclusion

• Conclusion
• Renaissance
• The emphasis had shifted, however, from the
  medieval stress on the omnipotence of God to a
  new vision of mans own grandeur in the heavenly
  scheme

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Reformation

• Reformation
• 1517 Johann Tetzel sold indulgences (???) in
  Juterbog near Wittenberg
• Martin Luther nailed the 95 Thesis on
  indulgences to the door of the castle-church in
  Wittenberg.
• symbolized the beginning of Reformation
• -- as a kind protests
• Protestants ????

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Martin Luther

• Martin Luther, d. 1546
• faith alone
• Bible sole religious authority
• Background 14th/15th/16th c.
• Papacy
• e.g. Pope Boniface 8th Unam Sanctum

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Reformation

• yet, kidnapped by King Philip the Fair of France
• 1309-1377 Avignon Babylonism captivity of the
  popes
• 1378-1417 great schism (???) then 3 popes
• Council of Constance

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Reformation

• rise of Christian mystics Christian humanists
  (Reformation) (secularization)
• inquisition worsened the confrontation
• church money (e.g. indulgence) corruption
• dissatisfaction w/ the Church
• widespread discontent over political, economic,
  social charge

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The Rise of Lutheranism

• The rise of Lutheranism
• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• U. of Erfurt (Law legal career encouraged by
  his proud father)
• Suddenly gave up entered the Augustinian
  monastery at Erfurt
• bachelor of theology, master of the Sentences,
  licentiate in theology

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Reformation

• Martin Luthers attack
• threatened the authority of the papacy
• Martin Luther was summoned to Rome for a hearing,
  but his prince, Elector Frederick the Wise
  (Saxony), arranged for a hearing before a papal
  legate at Augsburg in 1518
• Martin Luther tried to clarify his doctrines
  concerning indulgences

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Reformation

• 1519 Dr. Johann Eck (1486-1553)a Prof. of
  theology, debated the issues w/ Martin Luther at
  Leipzig got him to state that the Bible was the
  sole authority in religious matter that the
  papacy, the entire Church hierarchy, even
  Church Councils were human therefore, not
  infallible

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Reformation

• Address to the German Nobility
• (in German)
• wide reading-public, appealed to the HRE
• (Martin Luther argued a heretic should be
  overcome w/ arguments not fire.)
• Martin Luther reduced the no. of sacraments from
  7 to 2
• the Lords supper
• baptism
• denied the doctrine of transubstantiation
• Martin Luther insisted that the bread wine were
  not changed to the body blood of Christ, even
  though Christ was really present in these
  elements after consecration

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Reformation

• 1512 new HRE Charles V (1519-56)
• first diet at Worms
• (Frederick the wise gave Martin Luther a public
  hearing)
• then,
• to U. of Wittenberg (newly founded), in Electoral
  Saxony
• sub-prior of the Augustinian monastery
  lecturer in theology
• then, degree of doctor of theology

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Reformation

• Martin Luther insisted that the sole authority in
  religious matters was the Bible
• Reformation beginnings in theological problem
• Then abuses in the church
• e.g. sale of indulgences

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Reformation

• April 18, 1521 Diet at Worms
• Luthers address to the Diet, I cannot and will
  not retract anything, since it is neither safe
  nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do
  otherwise, here I stand, may God help me, Amen.
  Tr. New Testament, Old Testament, (Bible) into
  German (1534)

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Reformation

• Martin Luther urged his prince to abolish relic
  worship
• -- indulgences, etc.
• reform the Mass
• HRE Charles V, ruler of Spain, Low Countries,
  Hapsburg of Austria, Styria, Carinthia,
  Carniola, etc., faced too many problems,
• (1526) granted each G. prince the right to
  solve the religious problems in his territory,
  according to his conscience

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Reformation

• Frederick the Wise of Saxony
• -- protection patronage
• printing spread success

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Ulrich Zwingli

• Ulrich Zwingli (Swiss) (1483-1513)
• Xn. Humanist study the Bible
• U. of Vienna
• Basel classics, music, Biblical theology
• 1506 master of liberal arts
• priest
• preacher at the great Minister in Zurich
• direct interpretation of the Bible

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Reformation

• serious concern over political social as well
  as religious abuses
• 1522 preached against fasting
• 1524 Zurich married a widow
• (Martin Luther, too, was married)
• Zurich 77 Conclusions
• the word of God was the sole norm of faith
• man was justified only by faith in Jesus Christ
• Christians owed obedience to their secular govt.
  unless it acted contrary to the word of God etc.

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Reformation

• Both Martin Luther Zurich hoped to reform the
  Church from within
• When this proved impossible, they retained the
  medieval conception of the all-inclusive church
  protected by the prince so Gods sword on earth.

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John Calvin

• John Calvin (1509-64) France
• Paris priesthood, laws, humanism
• Exiled for his protestant views
• 1536 John Calvin to Basel published Institutes
  of the Christian Religion
• (doctrinal synthesis)
• Like Martin Luther Zurich, John Calvin believed
  that the Bible was the sole authority the Bible
  was the sole authority in religious matters.
• absolute authority of God as eternal lawgiver
  judge.
• Predestination God decreed the fate of all
  individuals

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Reformation in England

• Reformation in England
• Henry VIII (r. 1509-47)
• 1523 originally was Defender of Faith claimed
  by the Pope
• but heir
• Henry VIII wished to ensure the continuation to
  ensure the continuation of the Tudor dynasty
• started by his father Henry VII after wars of
  the Roses 30 years of civil war
• 1st wife deceased brother Arthurs wife
• Catherine of Aragon
• if a man shall take his brothers wife, it is
  an unclean thing he hath uncovered his brothers
  nakedness, they shall be childless.
• Anne Boleyn
• wives
• BUT Catherine aunt of HRE Charles V
• Pope refused to permit divorce
• Anglican Church (not doctrinal not much change)

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Counter-Reformation

• The Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Ignatius of Loyola (1491? 1556)
• 1521 badly wounded crippled for life
• army officer Xn mystics
• spiritual soldier fighting for Mother Mary
  Christ
• emphasis on education, too
• 1534 Society of Jesus to the service of God

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Counter-Reformation

• Pope Paul III (scientific)
• 1540 constituted the Society of Jesus
• 1514 I. L. 1st general
• Jesuits demanded strict education
• complete suppression of all self-will,
• absolute obedience to the General of the Order,
  through him, to the Pope

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Reformation

• Conclusion
• 14th c., humanism
• 15th c., Reformation
• 16th c., (Scientific Rev.)

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Scientific Revolution

• Scientific Revolution
• (in the 16th c. 17th c.)
• Renaissance,
• Reformation,
• Conception of man universe
• printing, gunpowder, compass,
• international trade
• the Scientific Rev. outshines everything since
  the rise of Christianity, reduces the
  Renaissance Hubert Butterfield, Origins of
  Modern Science

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Scientific Revolution

• Exaggerated?
• Most historians believe that the Scientific
  Revolution was itself an outgrowth of the
  Renaissance.
• 1543 usually was marked as the beginning of the
  Scientific Revolution
• 1543 3 books were published
• Versalius, On the Structure of Human Body
• (accuracy on anatomy)
• 2. Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the
  Celestial Spheres
• (inspired a revolution in astronomy)
• the first Latin translation of the works of
  Archimedes (in Greek) (stimulated new discoveries
  in Physics ? navigation)

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Nicholas Copernicus

• Nicholas Copernicus (a Polish Cleric)
• Most distinguished astronomer
• (Pope Paul III was interested in astronomy, too)
• Yet, problems
• the sun (not the earth) was center of the solar
  system (universe).
• ??
• highly controversial,
• clash with traditional astronomy religion
  (earth was stationery at the Center of
  universe)
• finally, Catholic Church condemned Copernicus as
  heretic
• Copernicus ??
• ? Christian creation
• Men were descended from Adam on earth
• where, then, did God reside?
• Where is heaven?

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Nicholas Copernicus

• Copernicus (heliocentric) sun-center theory
• the earth revolved about its axis once every day
• it completed an orbit of the sun once a year
• its axis rotated in a conical motion once a year
  (?seasons/year)
• religious leaders, such as Luther, Calvin
  denounced Copernicus

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Scientific Revolution

• then 1627, Johannes Kepler (a German scientist
  astrologer)
• a tireless advocator of the heliocentric system
• Laws of Planetary Motion

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Galileo Galili

• Galileo Galili (Italian scientist)
• telescope
• discovered phenomena that decisively confirmed
  the heliocentric theory
• Dialogue on the Great World System
• Persecuted,
• When leaving the court,
• Galileo Galili muttered Eppur si mouve (and yet
  it does move!)

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Scientific Revolution

• Physics
• Mechanics
• 1586 Stevin (Dutch)
• Principles of statics
• Applications of statics
• Principles of hydrostatics

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Scientific Revolution

• II. Optics, Maurolycus 1567
• on Shadows Reflection
• transparent bodies
• rainbow
• structure of human eyes the forms of spectacles

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Scientific Revolution

• 1687 Issac Newton
• Published Principia Mathematical Principles of
  Natural Philosophy
• Which united the rev. in astronomy physics into
  a vast, uniform system of laws governing the
  heaven earth.
• discover force of gravity
• Profound center of gravity ?
• Impact, consequence
• Discovery of the New World
• (compass)
• navigation
• (gun-powder)
• (printing)
• ??????????????
• William McNeil, Prof. of History, University of
  Chicago