The Reformation

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The Reformation
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Why the Reformation?

• Renaissance Popes- too concerned with worldly
  affairs
• Church abuses
• excessive lifestyle
• clergy and nepotism (Leo and Medici)
• illiteracy and uneducated
• Alex VI- 5 kids before Papacy
• People expected higher standards
• strict standards

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Dissent not Crushed

• Laity more knowledgeable
• Postal service, printing press spread information
• Literacy increased
• Rome lost control over church offices
• City, regional govt. growing

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Protestants

• protesters
• Religious thinkers who challenged the authority
  of the Catholic Church
• Began the Reformation- movement to reform the
  Church
• John Wycliffe, John Huss- early reformers who
  believed church worldly and corrupt

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John Wycliffe
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Savonarola

• 1490 Italian friar- preached reform
• Controlled Florence 1494-1498
• 1497 Urged people to burn vanities
• 1498 Overthrown executed
• religious passions turned to revolution

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Printing Press

• 1450s invented by Johann Gutenberg
• Bible was the first book printed
• Effects
• Bookmaking cheaper- literacy widespread
• Bookmaking faster- more published (vernacular)
• Scholars had better access to one anothers works
  (from past to present)

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Johannes Gutenberg
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Desiderius Erasmus

• Catholic priest from Holland
• Believed church was greedy, corrupt,
  narrow-minded
• Translated New Testament to Latin
• Wrote The Praise of Folly (1509)-
• Satire that criticized scholars, clergy, etc. for
  narrow-mindedness

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Erasmus
By Holbein
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Discontent Spreads

• German Grievances
• Resented Italian control of church
• Disliked heavy church taxes
• German Desires
• Clergy poor but religious
• Clergy prepare souls for heaven

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Sale of Indulgences

• Indulgences Church pardons
• Sold for profit (fundraising)
• Took the place of good works for forgiveness of
  sin
• People believed they were guaranteed entrance
  into heaven
• Began as reward for service in the Crusades

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Martin Luther

• Leader of protest against the Church
• German monk
• Challenged Church to debate in 95 Theses
• Oct. 31, 1517 nailed to the Church in Wittenberg
• Tetzel- selling indulgences to rebuild St.
  Peters in Rome

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Luthers Beliefs

• Salvation by faith alone
• not by good works
• Bible as only authority in Christian life
• Priesthood of all believers
• Only 2 sacraments
• Baptism and Eucharist
• No celibacy for clergy

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Martin Luther
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Luthers Fate

• 1521 Luther was excommunicated
• Ordered to give up his beliefs
• Luther burned order
• Luther called to Imperial Assembly in Worms by
  the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
• Luther declared outlaw and heretic
• Luther goes into hiding in Germany (Frederick of
  Saxony) where he translates the Bible

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Luther Gains Followers

• Reasons (political economic social and
  religious)
• People supported attacks on Church
• German princes hoped to gain Church land
• German princes wanted to show independence from
  Holy Roman Emperor
• Peasants wanted reform and lower Church taxes
  (wanted Luthers support in revolting against
  princes)

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Zwingli

• Led Swiss Reformation
• End celibacy, clergy had right to marry
• Believe only what has Scriptural proof
• Tradition and practices questioned
• transubstantiation
• purgatory
• some sacraments

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Calvinism

• 1536 John Calvin, a French religious scholar,
  joined reformers in Geneva, Switzerland and
  developed Protestant belief system called
  Calvinism
• Huguenots- French Calvinists

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John Calvin
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Calvins teachings

• Bible is the supreme authority in matters of
  faith
• Men women sinful by nature
• Predestination- belief certain people are chosen
  by God for salvation, the elect
• Only way to enter heaven
• Hard work, devotion might be signs of Gods grace
• Salvation can not be earned

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Calvinism in practice

• Geneva was a holy city
• Role of government Theocracy
• Supervise peoples lives- live strictly and
  solemnly
• Those who challenged teachings were persecuted or
  exiled
• Missionaries used
• Huguenots French Calvinists

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Economic Development of the Dutch
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United Province of Netherlands

• Republic
• Governors elected for each province whose power
  depended on merchants, landowners
• States General- delegates from 7 provinces

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Dutch lead Development of Capitalism

• Capital invested in business ventures
• Goal pay costs and make profit to reinvest
• Chance for profit- economy boomed 1660s
• Money not spent on luxury (led strict lifestyle)

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Dutch Trade

• Bought surplus grain in Poland
• Sold in S. Europe after poor harvest
• Scandinavian lumber sold in Europe
• 10,000 ships by 1600
• Shipped for other countries
• Trade not war ships

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Banking System

• Dutch replaced Italians as bankers of Europe
• Atlantic trade replaced Mediterranean trade
• Other countries/princes turned to Dutch for money
  
• Dutch earned interest

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Dutch East Indies Co. 1602

• Spices most prized items from Asia
• Competitor Portugal
• Firm amassed fleet superior to Portugal
• Profit reinvested in more trading ventures
• Any Dutch citizen could by shares
• Other nations soon followed (France, Britain)
• Commercial Revolution-organized trade
• Beginning of Capitalism

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Max Weber

• 1864 - 1920
• The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
• Puritanism- doctrines gave rational character to
  capitalism
• Wealth success- ensure among elect
• Rationalism- major development in human history

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John Knox

• Scottish Protestant
• Brought Calvins ideas to Scotland
• Laid foundations for Presbyterian Church
• Presbyters (elders)- laymen who governed
  community church
• Predestination

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John Knox
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Anabaptists

• Greek to rebaptize
• Radical Protestant group
• Ancestors of Amish Mennonites
• NO infant baptism
• Human freedom reflected in adult baptism

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Beliefs of Protestants

• Bible provided all guidance
• People should read Bible to find path to faith
• People shouldnt rely on Pope for interpretation
  of Bible
• Changes needed in Church services
• Clergy should be allowed to marry

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Women in Reformation

• Nobility protected Protestants
• Marguerite of Navarre in France- passed on
  beliefs (Henry IV)
• Educated wrote-religious issues
• Margaret More Catherine Parr
• Protestantism interests in middle class
• Vernacular nationalism-anti-Rome
• Only influence early not organized later stages

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English Protestantism

• Earliest demands for reform were in England
• Reform connected with struggle for political
  power
• Henry VIII
• Act of Supremacy 1534

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Henry VIII
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Henry VIII (Tudor 1509-1547)

• 1527 wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and
  marry Anne Boleyn
• Problem Catholic Church did not allow divorce,
  Pope Clement VII refused to annul marriage
• Result Henry took steps to remove England from
  Popes authority
• Thomas Cranmer- Protestant, appointed Archbishop
  of Canterbury who annulled marriage

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Catherine of Aragon
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Anne Boleyn
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Pope Clement VII
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Thomas Cranmer The Archbishop of Canterbury
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Why Refuse the Divorce?

• Pope Clement prisoner of Charles V
• Catherine was Charles Vs aunt

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Henry VIII

• Devout Catholic when young
• Detested Luther
• A great limb of the Devil
• Pope called him Defender of the Faith
• Politics would change religious views

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The Break

• Catherine of Aragon (brothers wife) only had a
  daughter (5 children had died)
• Henry wanted annulment
• Fear repeat of War of Roses if no heir
• Result wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but Church
  said no
• Pope refused favor Pope Clement VII had been
  taken prisoner by HRE Charles V (Catherines
  nephew)

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Around the Pope

• Ask Parliament to pass law taking away Popes
  power in England
• Reformation Parliament- met only when King called
• 1533 King married Anne (Elizabeth)
• 1534 Act of Supremacy makes King head of the
  Church of England
• King collected Church moneys
• Clergy appointed by king
• King and Parliament gain power

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The Results

• Sir Thomas More refuses to accept Act of
  Supremacy
• I honor my King but I honor my God more
• More is beheaded
• Henry closes monasteries, confiscates land (1/3
  of land in England)
• Catholics are prosecuted
• Land is sold to nobles

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Sir Thomas More
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Protestant Reformation

• Grew as return to Catholicism would take nobles
  land away
• Henry remained Catholic- insisted on no changes
  in rituals and doctrines (celibacy, ornaments)

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Henrys Wives

• Catherine of Aragon
• Mary I (Catholic)
• Anne Boleyn- beheaded
• Elizabeth (Protestant)
• Jane Seymour
• Edward VI (Protestant)

• Anne of Cleaves
• Lutheran (alliances)
• Divorced quickly
• Catherine Howard- beheaded
• Catherine Parr
• Outlives him

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The Heirs

• Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation
• Mary I (had been cloistered bitter)
• Wife of Philip II
• King of Spain/ Queen of England- children become
  rulers of both
• Bloody Mary executes 300 for heresy
• Pope put back, undo reforms
• Problem- people did not want to return to
  Catholicism

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The Heirs

• Mary kind to Elizabeth (not recognized by Church)
• Thought pregnant (heir) but dies of tumor
• Elizabeth becomes Queen
• England believes in direct lineage to throne
  Catholics committed themselves to this when they
  insisted Mary become queen

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Mary Queen of Scots
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Edward VI

• Henrys successor who had been taught by
  Protestants
• Establishes Protestant Church in England
• Edwards successor was to be Bloody Mary (I)
• Persecuted Protestants who refused to become
  Catholic again
• Elizabeth I will reestablish Protestantism, is
  excommunicated

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Edward VI
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Bloody Mary
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Elizabeth I
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Pope Pius V
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Counter-Reformation

• Catholic Church began to reform and take action
  to spread Catholicism
• Council of Trent, 1545-1563, convened by Pope
  Paul III, held in Italy
• Inquisition

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Pope Paul III
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Council of Trent

• Continued beliefs
• Only Church could explain Bible
• Faith and good works needed for salvation
• Pope highest and final authority

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Council of Trent

• Reforms to correct abuses
• Sale of indulgences banned
• Tightened discipline for clergy
• Only worthy people enter clergy
• Seminaries established to train clergy
• Encouraged reform of monasteries and convents

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Jesuits

• Society of Jesus
• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540
• Duties
• Keep Catholics in Church
• Persuade Protestants to return
• Win converts

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Ignatius of Loyola
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Ignatius of Loyola with Pope Paul III
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Effects of Reformation

• Religious unity of Europe gone
• State strengthened at expense of Church
• Spread of education
• Jesuits and reading of Bible
• Middle-class strengthened as work ethic virtue
  spread