Title: From War to Cold War 2. An "Old Soldier" in War and Cold WarDouglas MacArthur
1From War to Cold War 2. An "Old Soldier" in War
and Cold War--Douglas MacArthur
- History 203
- April 25, 2007
2Scopes paper due April 30 Midterm Exam May 7
- Scopes trial papers due Mon., April 30 at class
time. Instructions at http//www.uoregon.edu/dap
ope/203scopes.htm - Midterm exam essay questions and instructions are
on the web at - www.uoregon.edu/dapope/203midtermessays--sp07.htm
3Some Websites on Cold War Origins and on Douglas
MacArthur
- Cold War International History Project
- CNN Cold War History Series website
- Documents relating to the decision to drop the
atomic bomb - Hiroshima archive (from Lewis and Clark College)
- Cold War Policies 1945-1991 (timeline with links)
- PBS American Experience show on MacArthur
- Art and culture of occupied Japan online exhibit
- George Kennan website
4Why We Fight Morale and Propaganda on the Home
Front
5Images of the Enemy
6Total War and the Economy
7A War Economy
- War as Depression Cure?
- Growth of Big Government
- Government spending and taxing
- A Military-Industrial Complex
- A Changing Labor Force
- Fair Employment Practices CommissionRacial
discrimination banned on Federal contracts - Women workers Rosie the Riveter and others
8Statistics on the War Economy
- FEDERAL BUDGET AND WORLD WAR II
- Revenue
Expenditure - 1939 6.6 billion
9.4 billion - 1945 50.2 billion
95.2 billion -
- UNEMPLOYMENT
- 1940 14.1
- 1944 1.2
-
- NATIONAL DEBT AS PERCENT OF TOTAL OUTPUT
- 1940 43
- 1945 123
-
- PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN PAID LABOR FORCE
- 1940 19.4
- 1945 36.3
9Ending the Hot War, 1945--Europe
- Yalta ConferenceFebruary 1945
- Victory in Europe, May 8
- Spheres of Influence in Europe?
- At right Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta
10Ending the Pacific War and the Decision to Drop
the Bomb
- Island Hopping and the Firebombing of Tokyo,
March 1945 - An American invasion of mainland Japan
- How costly would it be?
- Would it be necessary?
- The question of unconditional surrender and the
emperor
The firebombing of Tokyoperhaps 100,000 killed,
1,000,000 left homeless in a six-hour period.
11The Bomb and the Cold War
- The Manhattan Project
- Los Alamos, NM
- Bomb testTrinity site, near Alamogordo, NM
- July 16, 1945
- Truman at Potsdam Conference with Stalin and
British prime minister - From Trumans memoirs On July 24 I casually
mentioned to Stalin that we had a new weapon of
unusual destructive force. The Russian Premier
showed no special interest. All he said was he
was glad to hear it and hoped we would make "good
use of it against the Japanese."
12The Bomb and the Cold War
- Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima (August 6) and
Nagasaki (August 8) Why? - Avoid mainland invasion?
- Keep USSR out of Asian war and limit its
influence? - Was there actually a decision to use the bomb?
Truman on August 9 "Having found the bomb we
have used it.
13Japanese Surrender
VJ day kiss, New York, Aug. 14, 1945 formal
surrender on Battleship Missouri, Sept. 1, 1945.
14American Power and the Cold War
- U.S. dominance after World War II
- The Bomb
- Economic Might
- Trumans Confrontational Style Truman
criticizes Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov "I
have never been talked to like that in my life,"
and Truman said, "Carry out your agreements and
you won't be talked to like that." Truman then
walked out of the room. - Postwar Soviet Union
- Great Power Destiny?
- Communist Expansionism?
- Defensive Nationalism?
15The Origins of Containment
- George F. Kennan The Sources of Soviet Conduct
- Truman Doctrine, March 1947 I believe that it
must be the policy of the United States to
support free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
pressures.
16The Marshall Plan
- Secretary of State George C. Marshall, June 1947
"Europe's requirements are so much greater than
her present ability to pay that she must have
substantial additional help or face economic,
social, and political deterioration of a very
grave character."
17Cold War Divided Europe, Nuclear World
- NATO (1949) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)
- Soviet Atomic Bomb, 1949
- Hydrogen BombsU.S. 1952, USSR 1953
Top NATO treaty signed in Washington, D.C.,
1949 Bottom Soviet nuclear weaponsat right, a
model like the first Russian atomic bomb, 1949
18Cold War Alliances NATO and Warsaw Pact
19General Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964
20MacArthur Making a Military Career
- A Heros Son
- Douglas MacArthur and the peacetime army
- FDR calls MacArthur one of the two most
dangerous men in America - Military command in the Philippines
- At this site, theres an interactive map of
MacArthurs travels around the world throughout
his life
21MacArthur and World War II
- Japanese attack on the Philippines, December 8,
1941 - MacArthur to Australia, March 1942 I shall
return. - Repression and resistance in the Philippines
- MacArthur returnsBattle of Leyte, 1944
22MacArthur after leaving the Philippines, 1942
- The President of the United States ordered me to
break through the Japanese lines and proceed from
Corregidor to Australia for the purpose, as I
understand it, of organizing the American
offensive against Japan, a primary objective of
which is the relief of the Philippines. I came
through and I shall return.
23MacArthur Returns Leyte Gulf, 1944
24MacArthur and Occupied Japan
- MacArthur as reformer
- Ending emperor worship
- Land reform
- Breaking up the zaibatsu
- Women gain right to vote
- Demilitarizing Japan
25Advertisement 1945 "Let's All Make a Bright
Future for Japan Sumitomo Bank"
26(No Transcript)
27MacArthur and the Korean War
- Korea from Japanese colony to divided country
- Communist North Korea attacks South Korea, June
1950 - MacArthur lands at Inchon, pushes N. Korea back,
near the Yalu River border with China - Nov. 1950China enters the war, US and South
Korea retreat - Early 1951 Military situation stabilizes
- For a series of Korean war maps, see
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/maps/korea.
html
28MacArthur and Truman
- MacArthur objects to Trumans interest in a
negotiated truce, wants to pursue more aggressive
measures - April 1951 Truman removes MacArthur from his
command - MacArthurs speech to Congress Old Soldiers
Never Die - An Asia First strategy
- No substitute for victory
- Civilian-Military relations in a democracy