Ancient Egypt and Nubia

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Chapter 3

• Ancient Egypt and Nubia

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The Geography of the Nile

• I. Nile is the worlds largest river
• A. Flows from central Africa to Mediterranean
  Sea (4,000 miles)

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The Geography of the Nile

• B. Two main sources White Nile and Blue Nile
• C. Flows North to Mediterranean Sea

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The Geography of the Nile

• D. Cataracts a rock filled rapid in a river

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The Geography of the Nile

• 1. Lower Nubia between First and Second
  Cataracts
• 2. Upper Nubia between Second and Sixth
  Cataracts

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The Geography of the Nile

• 3. Upper Egypt North of the First Cataract
• 4. Lower Egypt further north fertile marshy
  area

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The Geography of the Nile

• E. Delta the place at the mouth of a river
  where it splits into several streams to form an
  area shaped like a triangle

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The Geography of the Nile

• F. Silt rich, fertile soil deposited by the
  flooding of a river

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The Geography of the Nile

• G. Floods deposit rich soil ideal for farming
• H. Black Land and Red Land

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The Geography of the Nile

• 1. Called land Kemet the black land
• 2. Dark soil left by flooding

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The Geography of the Nile

• 3. Desert the red land
• a. Beyond fertile river banks

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The Geography of the Nile

• b. Useless for farming
• c. Protection from invaders

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The Geography of the Nile

• II. Civilizations
• A. Communities along Nile delta in lower Egypt
  4000 B.C.

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The Geography of the Nile

• B. Communities in Nubia 3800 B.C.
• C. Importance of trade

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The Geography of the Nile

• 1. Nile River
• 2. Caravans to Mesopotamia
• 3. Gold, silver, copper, and pottery

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The Geography of the Nile

• D. Trade in Egypt possible by sailing upriver or
  downriver
• E. Trade in Nubia possible by land only due to
  cataracts

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• I. Important terms
• A. Dynasty a family of rulers

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• B. Pharaoh the title of the kings of ancient
  Egypt
• 1. Had absolute power over their people

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 2. Decisions became law
• 3. Were also religious leaders

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• C. Regent someone who rules for a child until
  the child is old enough to rule

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• II. Important Kingdoms and Rulers
• A. Menes
• 1. Began first dynasty

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 2. United Upper and Lower Egypt
• 3. Built city of Memphis

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• B. Old Kingdom
• 1. Good rulers
• 2. Well-run government

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• C. Middle Kingdom
• 1. Restored order after end of Old Kingdom

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 2. Sponsored irrigation projects
• 3. Built canal between Nile and Red Sea

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 4. Lost control to foreign invaders

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• D. New Kingdom
• 1. Drove out invaders
• 2. Developed large armies

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• E. Hatshepsut
• 1. Stepmother of Thutmose III
• 2. Appointed regent

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 3. Had herself proclaimed pharaoh
• 4. Ruled during time of peace and economic
  success

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• F. Thutmose III
• 1. One of the greatest pharaohs of New Kingdom

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 2. Conquered many lands for Egypt
• 3. Educated man studied plants

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Egypts Kings and Queens

• 4. Treated conquered people with mercy

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Egyptian Religion

• I. Important Terms
• A. Afterlife the next life, in which the dead
  are believed to live again

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Egyptian Religion

• B. Mummy a dead body preserved in lifelike
  condition

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Egyptian Religion

• C. Pyramid a huge building with four sloping
  outside walls shaped like triangles. In Egypt,
  pyramids were built as royal tombs.

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Egyptian Religion

• II. Religion
• A. Polytheistic society

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Egyptian Religion

• B. Religion explained workings of nature
• C. Tried to please gods

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Egyptian Religion

• D. Gods
• 1. Osiris god of living and dead afterlife

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Egyptian Religion

• 2. Amon-Re chief god
• 3. Isis wife of Osiris

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Egyptian Religion

• III. Afterlife
• A. Bodies mummified to exist in afterlife

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Egyptian Religion

• B. Pyramid tomb for pharaoh
• a. 20 or more years to build

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Egyptian Religion

• b. West bank of Nile
• c. Hard and dangerous work

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Egyptian Religion

• d. Possessions buried with pharaoh

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Culture of Egyptians

• I. Key Terms
• A. Hieroglyphs a kind of picture writing in
  which some pictures stand for ideas or things and
  others stand for sounds

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Culture of Egyptians

• B. Papyrus an early form of paper made from a
  reedlike plant found in the marshy areas of the
  Nile delta

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Culture of Egyptians

• C. Astronomer A scientist who studies the
  stars and other objects in the sky

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Culture of Egyptians

• II. Social Classes
• A. Pharaoh
• B. Upper Class

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Culture of Egyptians

• 1. priests
• 2. members of pharaohs court
• 3. nobles

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Culture of Egyptians

• C. Middle Class
• 1. merchants
• 2. skilled workers

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Culture of Egyptians

• D. Peasants
• 1. farm labor, built roads and temples.
• 2. by far the largest class

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Culture of Egyptians

• E. Slaves
• 1. prisoners from wars
• 2. a separate class
• 3. had some rights

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Culture of Egyptians

• F. Women
• 1. had most of the rights of men
• 2. noble women had special rights

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Culture of the Egyptians

• III. A land of great learning
• A. Writing
• 1. keep track of growing wealth
• 2. make new symbols for complicated ideas

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Culture of Egyptians

• 3. began writing on papyrus
• a. Much more convenient than clay tablets

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Culture of Egyptians

• 4. Rosetta stone discovered in 1799
• A. Found near city of Rosetta
• B. Translated hieroglyphs into Greek

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Culture of Egyptians

• B. Science
• 1. Astronomers used skies to determine when Nile
  would flood
• 2. Found 365 days make a year

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Culture of Egyptians

• C. Medicine
• 1. Performed surgeries

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Culture of Egyptians

• 2. Set broken bones and treated spine injuries

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Culture of Egyptians

• 3. Practiced herbalism
• a. Creating medicine from plants

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Culture of Egyptians

• Artisans a worker who is skilled in making
  something