What is Ecology?

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Succession
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Ecological Succession
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Pioneer Species
Gold Cobblestone Lichen
Flame Lichen
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a New England Example
Presettlement 1700
Height of Clearing 1830
Clearing for Homestead 1740
White Pine Forest 1910
Hardwood Forest 1930
Farm Abandon 1850
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a New England Example
Now 2000 A.D.
Then - 1700 A.D.
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a cornfield example
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Lake succession
lake turned peat bog
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Glacial Succession
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Mt Monadnock - 1998
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Mt Monadnock - 2007
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Mount St Helens 2004
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The same view 18 years later shows that forest
reestablishment is well underway on the Muddy
River mudflow. P. Frenzen, USDA Forest Service,
1999