The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

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Chapter 12

• The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
  of Nationalism
• 1812-1824

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American Strategy

• Lack of military, old generals no national unity
• 3 prong attack on Canada
• 1813 naval battle more successful
• Old Ironsides
• Oliver Hazzard Perry
• Brits attack via Lake Champlain Thomas Macdonough

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Constitution and Guerrière, 1812The Guerrière was
heavily outweighed and outgunned, yet its British
captain eagerlyand foolishlysought combat. His
ship was destroyed. Historian Henry Adams later
concluded that this duel raised the United
States in one half hour to the rank of a
first-class Power in the world. The buckler on
the sword from the USS Constitution commemorates
the famous battle. Today the Constitution,
berthed in Boston harbor, remains the oldest
actively commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy.
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British Strategy

• 3 prong attack- Chesapeake landing, burned DC
• Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key)
• Attack on New Orleans
• Defender of New Orleans Andrew Jackson national
  hero
• Treaty of Ghent already signed! restored honor
  and nationalism

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The Treaty of Ghent

• Tsar Alexander I wanted a peace treaty (British
  ally)
• American envoys 1814
• British demands? stalemate
• Victory on Champlain war weary British
  compromise
• Treaty of Ghent armistice
• not 1 inch of territory ceded or lost

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The Hartford Convention

• New England Federalists
• Separate peace or secession
• Hartford Convention list of grievances
• Announced demands as victory of New Orleans/
  Treaty of Ghent announced

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Second War for Independence

• Unimportant internationally, important in US
• Military strength
• Disapproved of sectionalism
• Indian policy
• American manufacturing
• Canadian nationalism who controls Great Lakes?
• Isolationism

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Nationalist Pride, ca. 1820Nationalist
sentiments swelled in the wake of the War of
1812, as Americans defined their countrys very
identity with reference to its antimonarchical
origins.
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The American System

• British dumping? Tariff of 1816
• Mostly for protection
• Henry Clay and the American System
• Banking system
• Tariff
• Roads/canals network
• Madison vetoed? states responsibility
• New England opposed

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Henry Clay (17771852)This painting hangs in the
corridors of the House of Representatives, where
Clay worked as a glamorous, eloquent, and
ambitious congressman for many years. Best known
for promoting his nationalistic American System
of protective tariffs for eastern manufactures
and federally financed canals and highways to
benefit the West, Clay is surrounded here by
symbols of flourishing agriculture and burgeoning
industries in the new nation.
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Monroe and Era of Good Feelings

• Election of 1816? end of Federalists
• Monroe old and new generations in government
• Era of Good Feelings
• Problems below the surface

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Slavery

• Missouri (slave state) 1819
• Tallmadge Amendment? fear in South
• Disturb political balance (Senate divided between
  slave and free)
• House of Representatives dominated by wealthy,
  populous North

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Missouri Compromise

• Missouri and Maine
• No more slavery in Louisiana Territory north of
  36 30
• Maintain peace for 15 years
• Jefferson we have a wolf by the ears and we can
  neither hold him nor safely let him go.
• Monroe reelected 1820

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The Missouri Compromise and Slavery, 18201821
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John Marshall

• McCullough vs. Maryland 1819
• Implied vs. enumerated powers
• Federalism
• Cohens vs. Virginia 1821
• US Supreme Court can review state supreme courts
• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824
• Commerce clause

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John Marshall

• Fletcher vs. Peck 1810? property rights
• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819
• contracts

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Florida

• Andrew Jackson and 1st Seminole War
• Entry into Florida
• Monroes Cabinet alarmed
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the
  Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
• 5 million
• Western boundary set at 42

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U.S.-British Boundary Settlement, 1818
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The Monroe Doctrine

• Monroe Doctrine 1823
• No European interference in Western Hemisphere
• US wouldnt interfere in European affairs
• Spheres of influence
• British navy backing up doctrine
• US worried about ourselves
• Not a law, a statement used and discarded as
  needed