The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

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Chapter 12

• The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
  of Nationalism

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On to Canada over Land and Lakes

• Oliver Hazard Perry

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Army of the War of 1812

• Army poorly trained
• Supplemented by poorly trained militia
• Remaining generals from Revolutionary War

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American Offensive Strategy

• Americans lost strength in the three-pronged
  invasion
• Trio invaded Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain
• Defeated at Canadian border

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British Aide Canadians

• Captured American Fort Michilimackinac
• Fort commanded upper Great Lakes and
  Indian-inhabited area
• Operations led by British General Isaac Brock,
  assisted by General Mud and General Confusion

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Americans looked for success on waters

• Navy did much better than the Army
• American ships more skillfully handled than
  British
• Better Gunners
• Frigates had thicker sides, heavier fire power,
  larger crews
• Control of the Great Lakes was vital

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Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

• British entered and set fire to most of capitol
• British in 1814, aimed at New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson commands 7,000 troops
• 8,000 British veterans assaulted American
• riflemen and cannoneers
• British lost over two thousand in half an hour.
• The Royal navy blockaded Americas coast
• --Crippled American economy

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The Treaty of Ghent

• Tsar of Russia brought 5 American peacemakers to
  city of Ghent.
• British demand a neutralized Indian state in the
  Great Lakes and part of Maine Americans reject
  these terms.
• The Treaty of Ghent- an armistice where both
  sides agreed to stop fighting and restore
  conquered territory.

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Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
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• A small group of New England extremists proposed
  secession from the Union.
• Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at
  Hartford, where 26 men met in secrecy.
• The Conventions report demanded financial
  assistance and proposed amendments requiring a
  two-thirds vote before embargo could be imposed,
  new states admitted, or war declared.

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The Second War for Independence

• Other Nations developed new respect for Americas
  prowess.
• The events of war revealed folly of sectional
  disunity.
• The Indians consented to relinquish vast areas of
  forested land north of Ohio River.
• Industries become less dependent on Europes
  workshops.

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Nascent Nationalism

• Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper
  attained international recognition.
• School textbooks were now being written by
  Americans for Americans and magazines began
  publication in 1815.
• Congress voted a revived Bank of the United
  States in 1816.

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The American System

• British competitors began to dump the contents of
  their warehouses on the United States.
• The Tariff of 1816 first tariff instituted for
  protection.
• The American System a strong banking system, a
  protective tariff, and a network of roads and
  canals.

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Henry

• Henry Clay

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The So-Called Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe voted for the Presidency by
  Republicans
• Issues of the tariff, the bank, internal
  improvements, and the sale of public lands were
  being hotly contested.
• Sectionalism was crystallizing, and the conflict
  over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous
  head.

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The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

• In 1819 panic brought deflation, depression,
  bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup
  kitchens, and overcrowded debtors prisons
• The Bank of the United States became deeply
  involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling
  and forced the western banks to wall and
  foreclosed mortgages on countless farms

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Growing Pains of the West

• The Battle of the Thames, Where Tecumseh Was
  Killed in 1813

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• Nine frontier states joined the original thirteen
  between 1791 and1819.
• Reasons for explosive expansion are the Ohio
  fever, eager new comers, and land exhaustion.
• Acute economic distress and crushing of Indians
  in Northwest and South by Generals Harrison and
  Jackson pacified frontier and opened vast virgin
  tracts of land.
• The building of highways improved the land routes
  to Ohio Valley.

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The Land Act of 1820

• The West forced to ally itself with other
  sections, and demanded cheap acreage and
  partially achieved its goal
• Act authorized buyers to purchase 80 acres at
  minimum of 1.25 an acre in cash
• It also demanded cheap transportation and cheap
  money.

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Slavery and the Sectional Balance

• In 1819 Missouri asked Congress for admission as
  slave state.
• With every passing decade, the North was becoming
  wealthier and more thickly settled
• Missouri was the first state entirely west of the
  Mississippi River to be carved out of the
  Louisiana Purchase

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The Tallmadge Amendment

• Stipulated that no more slaves should be brought
  into Missouri
• Provided gradual emancipation of children born to
  slave parents already there

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The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

• Deadlock in Washington was broken in 1820 by the
  American solution of a bundle of three
  compromises
• Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave
  state, but at same time Maine was admitted as
  separate state
• South won Missouri as an unrestricted slave
  state the North won the concession that Congress
  could forbid slavery in the remaining territories
• The Missouri Compromise lasted thirty-four years
  and during that time it preserved the shaky
  compact of the states
• Monroe was the only president in American history
  to be reelected after a term in which a major
  financial panic began

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John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
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• The up surging nationalism of the post-Ghent
  years was further reflected and reinforced by the
  Supreme Court.
• One group of John Marshalls decisions bolstered
  the power of the federal government at the
  expense of the states.

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McCulloch v. Maryland

• McCulloch v. Maryland involved an attempt by the
  state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank
  of the United States by imposing a tax on its
  notes.
• Marshall strengthened federal authority and
  slapped at state infringements when he denied the
  right of Maryland to tax the Bank.
• Marshall said that the Constitution was derived
  from the consent of the people and thus permitted
  the government to act for their benefit.

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Cohens v. Virginia

• The case of Cohens v. Virginia gave Marshall one
  of his greatest opportunities to defend the
  federal power.
• The Cohens were found guilty by the Virginia
  courts of illegally selling lottery tickets and
  Virginia won in the sense that the conviction of
  the Cohens was upheld but Virginia and all the
  individual states lost, because Marshall asserted
  the right of the Supreme Court to review the
  decisions of the state supreme courts in all
  questions involving powers of the federal
  government.

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Gibbons v. Ogden

• The suit of Gibbons v. Ogden grew out of attempt
  by the state of New York to grant to a private
  concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between
  New York and New Jersey.
• Marshall reminded the state that the Constitution
  conferred on Congress alone the control of
  interstate commerce.

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Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Painted by Robert Clayton Burns, this painting
depicts Daniel Webster's argument of the famous
Dartmouth College Case.
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Fletcher v. Peck

• The case of Fletcher v. Peck (1810) arose when a
  Georgia legislature, swayed by liberty, granted
  35 million acres in the Yazoo River country
  (Mississippi) to private speculators, but the
  next legislature canceled the crooked
  transaction.
• The Supreme Court decreed that the legislative
  grant was a contract and that the Constitution
  forbids state laws impairing contracts.
• It was also one of the earliest clear assertions
  of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate
  state laws conflicting with the federal
  Constitution.

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward

• The case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
  was when the college had been granted a charter
  by King George III, 1769, but democratic New
  Hampshire state legislature wanted to change it.

• Dartmouth employed as counsel its most
  distinguished alumnus, Daniel Webster.
• Marshall ruled that the original charter must
  stand and the Dartmouth decision had the
  fortunate effect to safeguarding business
  enterprise from the domination by the states
  government.

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Webster

• Daniel Webster was an Expounding Father his
  classic speeches in Senate, challenging states
  rights and nullification, were largely
  repetitious of arguments that he had earlier
  presented before Supreme Court.

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Marshall

• Marshall buttressed the federal Union and helped
  create a stable, nationally uniform environment
  for business
• He checked the excesses of popularly elected
  state legislatures shaped the Constitution along
  the conservative
• He centralized lines that ran somewhat counter to
  dominant spirit of new country.

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Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

• Americans already claimed west Florida in 1810
  Congress ratified this in 1812
• When an epidemic of revolutions broke out in
  South America, Spain denuded Florida of troops to
  fight the rebels
• Jackson secured commission to enter Spanish
  territory, punish Indians, and recapture
  runaways.

• In Florida Purchase Treaty(Adams-Onis ) of 1819,
  Spain ceded Florida, and Spanish claims to
  Oregon, in exchange for Americas abandonment of
  equal claims to Texas

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The Treaty of 1818

• The Monroe administration negotiated the Treaty
  of 1818 with Britain
• It permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland
  fisheries with Canadians, and fixed the northern
  limits of Louisiana along the forty-ninth
  parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky
  Mountains
• It further provided for a ten-year joint
  occupation of Oregon Country, without a surrender
  of the rights of claims of either America or
  Britain

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The Menace of Monarchy in America

• The crowned despots smothered rebellion in Italy
  and Spain
• Americans feared if European powers intervened in
  New World, cause of republicanism would suffer
  irreparable harm
• Great Britain didnt join the continental
  European powers in crushing the newly won
  liberties of Spanish-Americans because they
  opened their monopoly-bound ports to outside trade

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Russias Involvement

• Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France would
  presumably send powerful fleets and armies to
  colonies of Spanish America and restore
  autocratic Spanish King
• In 1821, the Russian Tzar made a decree extending
  Russian jurisdiction over one hundred miles of
  open sea down the line of 51
• The energetic Russians had already established
  trading posts almost as far south as the entrance
  to San Francisco Bay

Alexander II
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Canning Proposal

• In August 1823 George Canning, British foreign
  secretary, approached American minister in London
  with proposition
• The U.S. join Britain in declaration renouncing
  interest in acquiring Latin American Territory,
  and warning the European despots to keep their
  hands off the Latin Republics
• Adams thought if Canning could seduce the U.S.
  into joining with him to support territorial
  integrity of New World, Americas own hands would
  be tied

John Quincy Adams
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Monroe and His Doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine was born with two features of
  non-colonization and nonintervention, and the
  president on December 2, 1823, incorporated a
  stern warning to all European powers
• Monroe first directed his doctrine at Russia in
  Northwest and proclaimed the era of colonization
  in Americas ended and the hunting season
  permanently closed
• Monroe directed European crowned heads to keep
  their monarchical systems out of his hemisphere
  and for its part the U.S. would not intervene
  with war

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Monroes Doctrine Upraised

• Though offended by upstart Yankees, European
  powers found their hands tied, and frustrations
  increased their annoyance
• The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 fixed the
  tzars southernmost line of 5440.
• The United States never willingly permitted a
  powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near
  its Caribbean vitals