The Renaissance and The Reformation

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The Renaissance and The Reformation

• Unit 1

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Unit Contents

• Why did the Renaissance happen in Italy?
• How did the Renaissance change everyday life?
• What is humanism?
• How did art change during the Renaissance?
• What were the causes of the Reformation?
• Who were the individuals that impacted the
  Reformation movement?
• How did the church respond to the Reformation?

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Day 1Essential Vocabulary

• Urban society
• Secular
• Vernacular
• Merchant

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The Renaissance

• The word Renaissance means rebirth. Why do you
  think historians call this time period that?
• The Middle Ages was a time of war and plague.
  Europeans who had survived these atrocities
  wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit.

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Comparison Chart

• Use your book to complete the comparison chart of
  Medieval Europe and Renaissance Italy.

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• The Renaissance began in Italy for numerous
  reasonswhich leads up to our essential question

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Essential Question

• Why did the Renaissance happen in Italy?

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Italy

• Urban society
• Powerful city-states became the centers of
  Italian political, economic, and social life
• Artifacts
• Italians began to notice the ruins that
  surrounded them daily. This reminded them of
  their great Roman past, and the classical world.
• Human achievements
• Italians began noticing intellectual abilities
  amongst their own people. They embraced people
  who were well-rounded.

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City-states

• City-states in Italy grew very quickly thanks to
  overseas trade and the mere geography of Italy.
• Italy lacked a single strong ruler, so these
  city-states were independent, politically
  speaking.
• These city-states bred a strong wealthy class
  called merchantsthey were successful in
  business, and highly influential in political
  society.

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Italian City-States Assignment

• With a partner, create a poster comparing the
  Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, and
  Florence.
• Your poster must include illustrations of
• Political leaders
• Economic activities
• Weaknesses and strengths
• Each illustration must have a brief explanation
  of its significance i.e. why is it important??
• Honors Only
• Each of you must write a half-page essay
  answering the essential question Why did the
  Renaissance happen in Italy? Give specific
  reasons and examples.

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Day 2Essential Vocabulary

• Printing press
• Nobility
• Peasants
• Literate

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Essential Question

• How did the Renaissance change everyday life?

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• Quietly come have a look at the items on the
  cart. You can pick them up and hold them, but
  please be gentle. ?
• When you have gotten a good look, go back to your
  seat and brainstorm for a second. What are some
  similarities you see between these objects?

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• How do books give power to people?

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Gutenbergs Press

• Read the essay I handed you with a partner.
• Discuss with your partner the idea that
  Gutenbergs press created a whole new democratic
  state.
• Create a concept map illustrating some of your
  ideas.

Topic
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The vernacular

• Renaissance authors followed in medieval author
  Dantes footsteps by writing in the vernacular.
• Vernacular is native language (for our purposes,
  it means anything but Latin!).
• Dante wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian, a story
  about a souls journey to salvation.
• Renaissance writers also focused on the
  individual and self-expression.

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The Decameron

• Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio wrote the
  Decameron, a series of realistic, but sometimes
  eccentric, stories.
• Supposedly, the stories are told by a group of
  people waiting in a rural villa in order to avoid
  the plague.
• The stories present people at their best, and
  their worst. Humor is used to illustrate the
  human condition, and characters are presented
  with individuality and flaws.
• The stories are realistic!!!

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The Prince

• Prior to the Renaissance, political leaders tried
  to focus on ethical practicesand practices that
  were based on Christian principle.
• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book in 1513 that
  rejected these ideas.
• Drawing on the vernacular and focus on the
  individual, Machiavelli essentially wrote a
  handbook on achieving and keeping political
  power.

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The Prince

• Machiavelli was not concerned with what was
  right, he was concerned with what was effective.
• He said that in order to keep power, a prince
  must understand human naturea thoroughly
  Renaissance era idea!
• He said that a prince acts on behalf of the
  state, and for the sake of the state, he must be
  willing to put aside his conscience.

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• From this arises the question whether it is
  better to be loved more than feared, or feared
  more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to
  be feared and loved, but as it is difficult for
  the two to go together, it is much safer to be
  feared than loved, if one of the two has to be
  wanting. For it may be said of men in general
  that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers,
  anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain as
  long as you benefit them, they are entirely
  yours they offer you their blood, their goods,
  their life, and their children, as I have before
  said, when the necessity is remote but when it
  approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has
  relied solely on their words, without making
  preparation, is ruined.
• -The Prince

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1. Write each sentence in your own words.
2. What do you think of Machiavellis ideas?
3. Can you think of any rulers that are feared or
   loved?
4. Do you see any instances in the world today where
   leaders have misled the people?
5. What are some other books that have changed
   modern day society? Give examples and explain.

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Day 3 Essential Vocabulary

• Humanism
• Anthropocentric
• Empower

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Essential Question

• What is humanism?

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What is humanism to you?

• Brainstorm a quick concept map of humanistic
  studies.
• What impact have these studies had on your life?

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Humanism (dictionary.com)

• 1. An outlook or system of thought attaching
  prime importance to human rather than divine or
  supernatural matters.
• 2. A Renaissance cultural movement that turned
  away from medieval scholasticism and revived
  interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.

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Applying this philosophy

• Artists, educators, philosophers, authors, and
  politicians living during the Renaissance focused
  on humanism.
• They studied any and everything that had to do
  with humans!
• Petrarch is called the father of humanism because
  of his emphasis on the subject.
• Humanists during the Renaissance believed it was
  the duty of intellectuals to live an active life
  for the state, and that the humanities should be
  put to the service of the people and state.

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Characteristics of humanism

• Regarded humans as creatures perfectible on earth
  
• Marked by a revival of interest in Classical
  literature and thought (ancient Greek and Roman)
• Was a European phenomenon that was more worldly
  and secular than the preceding Medieval period
• Focused on anthropocentric ideas, seeking to
  dignify and ennoble humans
• Regarded humans as the crown of creation
• Sought to civilize humans and help them realize
  their potential powers and gifts as well as to
  reduce the discrepancy between human potential
  and achievement
• Concentrated on the perfection of a worldly life,
  rather than on the preparation for an eternal and
  spiritual life

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Botecellis Birth of Venus
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• Where is Venus (the Roman goddess of beauty and
  love)?
• Zephyr, the West Wind, is on the left front.
• Chloris, a nymph, is on the left, beside Zephyr.
• The Nymph of Spring is on the right.

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Art Explication

• With a partner, you are going to be sketching and
  labeling the paintings major elements.
• Use the handout to walk through an analysis of
  the Birth of Venus.
• You can use your book and notes as reference.
• This is due at the end of class.

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Honors HW

• Based on what you have learned today, answer the
  following
• How is human defined by Renaissance artists?
• Who is missing from this ideal?
• Can any human really be the crown of creation?

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Day 4Essential Vocabulary

• Perspective
• Fresco
• Patron
• Neoclassical

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Essential Question

• What are some characteristics of Renaissance art?

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Themes in Renaissance Art

• Renaissance artists wanted to imitate nature in
  their works.
• They wanted people to see the reality of the
  subjects and events being portrayed.
• Human beings were the focus of attention.

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Developments

• There were two major developments in Renaissance
  art
• Stress on the technical skills of painting
  (perspective, light, geometry)
• Investigation of movement and human anatomy

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Architecture

• Filippo Brunelleschi was inspired by the
  buildings of Ancient Rome and designed buildings
  in the neoclassical style.
• The churches he designed used classical columns
  and rounded arches to create an environment that
  doesnt overwhelm the worshipper like a Gothic
  cathedral.

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Masters of the Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Artist, mathematician, inventor
• Donatello
• sculptor
• Raphael
• painter
• Michelangelo
• Painter, sculptor, architect

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Art Lesson

• Today, you are going to be getting an art lesson
  from the four Renaissance masters.
• You are going to
• Draw like Leonardo
• Paint a fresco like Raphael
• Sculpt like Donatello
• Paint like Michelangelo

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Stations

• Each station has specific directions for you to
  follow while there.
• Stay focused and on taskdisruptive students will
  be removed!
• Only rotate to another station when I tell you
  to.

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Day 5Essential Vocabulary

• Clergy
• Pope
• Sin
• Salvation
• Sacrament

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Essential Question

• What were the causes of the Reformation?

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On your map

• Identify and color Germany.
• Identify and label the capital city of Germany.

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Germany

• Germany was the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
• The Holy Roman Empire loosely included all German
  and Italian lands.
• Germany was also the starting point of the
  Reformation.

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What does reform mean?

• Make changes in (something, typically a social,
  political, or economic institution or practice)
  in order to improve it (dictionary.com).

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The Reformation

• The Reformation is the religious reform movement
  that divided the western Church into Catholic and
  Protestant groups.
• Martin Luther is often credited for starting the
  Reformation, but in reality, there were numerous
  causes. In other words, this was a long time
  coming!

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The Reformation

• This division between Catholic and Protestant
  groups has had long term effects on western
  society.
• Discrimination and unfair practices from both
  sides has sparked numerous conflicts over the
  centuries, and continues to cause conflict even
  in America today.

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The Reformation

• Corruption, leadership failures, and questioning
  beliefs were some of the main causes of the
  split.
• Between 1450 and 1520 a series of popes failed to
  meet the spiritual needs of the church. They
  were concerned with politics and economics more
  than spiritual matters.
• Before we go any farther, lets examine the
  Popes role and the Holy Roman Emperors role.

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The Holy Roman Empire

• The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by two people
  The Pope, and the Holy Roman Empire.
• On your t-chart, compare and contrast The Pope
  and The Holy Roman Emperor. What were their
  duties? Their responsibilities? What did they
  do?

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The Pope
The Holy Roman Emperor

• Spritual leader
• Elected by cardinals
• High Priest of Christianity
• Ruler of the states of the church
• Lives in Rome

• Temporal leader
• Elected by seven princes of Germany
• Protector of Christianity
• Ruler of the empire
• Lives in Germany or somewhere in the empire

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In theory, the Pope and the Emperor were supposed
to have equal power

• However, the Pope usually had more power because
  of the vast amounts of money the church had as
  well as the churchs influence.

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Based on what you heard

• What areas of life did the Church control?
• Salvation
• Health
• Art
• Education
• Law
• Poor

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The Hierarchy of Medieval Society
Clergy (Moral Authority)
Nobles (Civil Authority)
Peasants (Labor)
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Why were people content to give the Church so
much authority?
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The Catholic ChurchChanges and Complaints

• Changes
• Exploration
• Disruption of Class System
• Humanism
• Complaints
• Clerical Corruption
• Problems with Popes
• Indulgences

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A Troubled Church on a Sea of Discontent

• Look closely at this woodcut.
• What do you think it means?
• What do you think some consequences of the church
  being on a sea of discontent will be?

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Day 6Essential Vocabulary

• Thesis
• Indulgences
• Predestination
• Protestant

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Essential Question

• Who were the individuals that impacted the
  Reformation movement?

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Indulgences

• As we talked about Friday, the leaders of the
  Church were failing to meet their
  responsibilities.
• People still wanted salvation (acceptance into
  heaven) though!
• This process of achieving salvation had become
  very cut and dry.

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Indulgences

• People could purchase indulgencesa pardon from
  sin.
• One German prince, Frederick the Wise, had over
  five thousand relics with indulgences attached.
• This reduced his time in purgatory by 1,443
  years!
• The Church had also begun to sell indulgences to
  fund certain projects, like the rebuilding of
  Saint Peters Basilica.

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Martin Luther

• He was a monk and professor at University of
  Wittenberg in Germany.
• Catholic teachings stressed faith and good works
  were needed for salvation.
• Luther thought that human beings could never do
  enough good works to please an almighty God. He
  believed people were saved by faith, and God
  would grant salvation because He is merciful.

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The Ninety-five Theses

• Luther had enough when he heard of Friar Tetzels
  selling of indulgences when he used the slogan
  As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the
  soul from purgatory springs.
• Enraged, Luther sent a formal response in the
  form of ninety-five theoretical statements to his
  superiors in the church.
• With the help of the printing press, the
  ninety-five theses were spread all over Germany.

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Luthers Beliefs

• Using your book, create a graphic organizer
  illustrating Luthers main beliefs.
• Honors page 392-393
• CP page 489-490

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Luthers Major Accomplishments

• Lutheranism, the first Protestant sect, was
  created as the state began to take over churches
  in Germany.
• The Bible was translated into the vernacular at
  Luthers urging.
• Authored numerous hymns used in Protestant
  services.
• Lessened the use of sacraments.
• Approved clerical marriage.
• Emphasized salvation by faith.

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John Calvin

• In 1536, a young French Protestant named John
  Calvin published Institutes of the Christian
  Religion.
• This was a summary of Protestant theology, or
  beliefs.
• Expanding on Luthers idea of salvation by faith,
  Calvin went on to say that God chooses a very few
  people to save.
• He called these people the elect.
• This doctrine is called predestination.

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Predestination

• Calvin argued that God has known since the
  beginning of time who is going to heaven and who
  isnt.
• He has once and for all determined, both whom he
  would admit to salvation, and whom he would
  condemn to destruction.
• How do we know the difference?
• Elected people live Godly lives.

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If this was your belief, how would it impact the
way you lived?

• Calvinists firmly believed they were doing the
  work of God on earth, therefore they were
  extremely active in their faith.

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The Reformation Spreads

• As a group, create a graphic organizer
  illustrating how the Reformation spread and its
  effects on the country I assign you.
• Switzerland
• Scotland
• The Netherlands
• Germany
• England

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Day SevenEssential Vocabulary

• Counter
• Council

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Essential Question

• How did the church respond to the Reformation?

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Every Action has a Reaction

• What happens when
• The telephone rings
• You didnt study for a big test
• Your pencil lead breaks
• Your alarm doesnt go off
• Every action has a reaction!

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Refresh my memory

• What were some of the changes and conflicts the
  church was facing?

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The church was being criticized, so they reacted.
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With a partner

• Brainstorm what you would do if you were a member
  of the Catholic Church and didnt want to leave.
  What would you do? Write down some specific,
  realistic, and helpful responses.

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The Counter-Reformation

• Not everyone in the church was corrupt and
  greedy!
• There were honest people who believed in the
  Church, but they knew changes need to be made and
  they were willing to do so.

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The Counter-Reformation Jigsaw

• Within your first group, research your topic and
  come up with five or more facts (main ideas).
• Your second group will consist of one person from
  each original group. Share your information with
  your new group.

• Topics
• The Inquisition
• The Reforming Orders
• The Index
• The Council of Trent

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Parts of the Counter-Reformation

• What are some pros and cons of these elements?
• The Inquisition
• Reforming Orders
• The Index
• Council of Trent

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Invitation

• Design an invitation for former Catholics to come
  back to the Church.
• Include
• What is being done to fix problems within the
  Church
• Persuasive language
• Exciting headlines

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On the back

• On the back of the invitation, answer the
  following question
• How did the Catholic Reformation differ from the
  Protestant Reformation?

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Essential Question

• What were the effects of the Renaissance and the
  Reformation?

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Make a study guide

• Page 402 in your book is the chapter review.
• Do 1-20.
• Make sure you write the sentences for the
  fill-in-the-blank vocab.
• This will act as your study guide!
• I will check this tomorrow for completion.

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A recipe

• Recipes are like cause and effect relationships
• Ingredients go into a pot, a dish, a pan, etcand
  once baked, you have an outcome!

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Recipe Cards for Changes in the Church

• Create a recipe for the changes that occurred in
  the church during the Renaissance and the
  Reformation.
• Your ingredients should include elements from
  both the Renaissance and the Reformation.
• Be as specific as possible.
• The title of your recipe is up to you.
• Also include a description of this outcome.
• Example Put in large oven made in Germany and
  bake at 500 degrees, until the protestants rise
  and the peasants can read.