SECESSION AND THE CIVIL WAR

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SECESSION AND THE CIVIL WAR

• America Past and Present
• Chapter 15

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The Storm Gathers

• Secession does not necessarily mean war
• One last attempt to reconcile North South
• Federal response to secession debated

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The Deep South Secedes

• December 20,1860--South Carolina secedes
• February 1861--Confederate States of America
  formed
• included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
  Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

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Civil War Harper's Weekly, April 27, 1861
VENUS. " You say dey's fitin', 'Poleon."
NAPOLEON. "Yes, Marster say dey is, 'cause dey
can't get no Coppermise." VENUS. " Whar dey get
dat ?" NAPOLEON. " In de Norf, I bl'ieve."
VENUS. " Well, my Lor! sooner ,en' to fite, dey
better git de Coppermise, ef it cos' a Hundred
Dollar dis ting of Brudderin' fitin' is agin de
Scriptur !"
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Secession
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The Deep South Secedes (2)

• Government headed by moderates
• Confederate constitution resembles U.S.
• Aim to restore pre-Republican Party Union
• Southerners hope to attract Northern states into
  Confederacy

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The Failure of Compromise

• Crittenden Plan extend the Missouri Compromise
  line to the Pacific
• Lincoln rejects
• does not think it will end secession
• viewed as repudiation of Republican principles
• Buchanan takes no action to stop secession
• Some wish to let the South depart in peace

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Confederate Constitution

• Prohibition of protective tariffs
• Guarantee of slavery
• Protection of slavery in the territories
• Restrictions on the finance of internal
  improvements
• Strong states rights, weak central government
• Very similar to the U.S. Constitution

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Lincolns Early Presidency

• Vowed to preserve the Union

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Lincoln

• Had little political experience
• Leadership of the Republican Party
• Unified Northern and congressional support behind
  his position.

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Confederate President Jefferson Davis
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Attack on Fort Sumter

• April 9, 1861

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And the War Came

• North seeks action to preserve Union
• April 13, 1861--Fort Sumter, S.C, falls
• April 15--Lincoln calls out Northern state
  militias to suppress Southern insurrection
• April-May--Upper South secedes
• Border states--slave states remain in Union
• War defined as effort to preserve Union

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Why We Fight

• States Rights
• Preserve the Union
• Defend our families
• Repay the debt to the Revolutionary forefathers

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Battle of Bull Run or The Great Skedaddle
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Gods and Generals
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Union Generals

• Winfield Scott
• George McClellan
• Henry Halleck
• George Mead
• P.T. Beauregard
• Benjamin Butler

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Union Generals

• Winfield Scott
• George McClellan
• Henry Halleck
• George Mead
• P.T. Beauregard
• Benjamin Butler

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And their better replacements

• US Grant
• George Thomas
• Winfield Hancock
• Phil Sheridan
• J.L. Chamberlain
• W.T. Sherman

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Confederate Generals

• Robert E. Lee
• Thomas Jackson
• Nathan Forrest
• Patrick Cleburne
• J.E.B. Stuart
• James Longstreet
• A.P. Hill
• D.H. Hill
• William Hardee
• Albert Sidney Johnston

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Confederate Generals

• Robert E. Lee
• Thomas Jackson
• Nathan Forrest
• Patrick Cleburne
• J.E.B. Stuart
• James Longstreet
• A.P. Hill
• D.H. Hill
• William Hardee
• Albert Sidney Johnston

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Adjusting to Total War

• North must win by destroying will to resist
• Total War--a test of societies, economies,
  political systems as well as armies
• -Both sides resort to the draft

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Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861
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Prospects, Plans, and Expectations

• South adopts defensive strategy--North must fight
  in unfamiliar, hostile terrain
• Lincoln adopts two-front strategy
• capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Va.
• seize control of the Mississippi River
• deploy navy to blockade Southern ports

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Anaconda Plan
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Overview of Civil War Strategy
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Mobilizing the Home Fronts

• 1862--North South begin conscription
• Northern mobilization
• finance war through taxes, bonds, paper money
• private industry supplies Union armies well
• Confederate mobilization
• government arsenals supply Confederate armies
• efforts to finance lead to runaway inflation
• transportation system inadequate

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Political Leadership Northern Success and
Southern Failure

• Lincoln expands wartime powers
• declares martial law
• imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without trial
• briefly closed down a few newspapers
• Jefferson Davis
• concerned mainly with military duties
• neglects civilian morale, economy
• lacks influence with state governments

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Early Campaigns and Battles

• Northern achievements by 1862
• Confederate achievements by 1862

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Ironsides
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Civil War, 1861-1862
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The Diplomatic Struggle

• England
• France--Confederacy not recognized unless England
  does so first
• "King Cotton" has little influence on foreign
  policy of other nations

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Hopes for European Allies

• Though with the North we sympathize
• It must not be forgotten
• That with the South weve stronger ties,
• Which are composed of cotton
• Whereof our imports mount onto
• A sum of many figures
• And where would be our calico
• Without the toil of nrs
• Punch- British magazine

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Fight to the Finish

• North adopts radical measures to win
• 1863--war turns against South
• Gettysburg July 1, 1863

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Gettysburg Address
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Antietam

• Sept 17, 1862 -

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Fredericksburg

• December 13, 1862

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The Coming of Emancipation

• September 22, 1862--Antietam prompts preliminary
  Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863--Proclamation put into effect for
  areas still in rebellion

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African Americans and the War

• 200,000 African American Union troops
• Many others labor in Northern war effort
• Lincoln pushes further for black rights

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The Tide Turns

• May, 1863--war-weariness

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The Tide Turns

• July, 1863 Battle of Vicksburg

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Battle of the Crater

• July 30, 1864

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Last Stages of the Conflict

• March 9, 1864--Grant made supreme commander of
  Union armies
• Union invades the South on all fronts
• September 2--Sherman takes Atlanta
• November 8--Lincoln reelected

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Civil War, 1863-1865
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The Night they Drove Ol Dixie Down
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Last Stages of the Conflict

• April 9, 1865--Lee surrenders

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Toll on Lincoln
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Last Stages of the Conflict

• April 9, 1865--Lee surrenders
• April 14--Lincoln assassinated
• May 26--Final capitulation of Confederacy

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Effects of the War

• 618,000 troops dead
• Bereft women seek non-domestic roles
• Four million African Americans free, not equal
• Industrial workers face wartime inflation

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Casualties of War
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Effects of the War (2)

• Federal government predominant over states
• Federal government takes activist role in the
  economy
• higher tariffs, free land, national banking
  system

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An Organizational Revolution

• Modern bureaucratic state emerges
• Individualism gives way to organized, cooperative
  activity
• Catalyst for transformation of American society
  in the late nineteenth century