Causes of the Civil War

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• Causes of the Civil War

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Slavery

• Slavery was the most polarizing issue in this
  time period.
• Abolitionists
• Pro-Slavery
• Slavery was not only a morally divisive issue,
  but also became an economic issue to the southern
  states.
• Slaves werent paid for their labor
• Without slaves it would become even more
  expensive to farm a large plantation.

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Why were slaves mostly in the South?

• Slavery ended in the northern states for 2 main
  reasons
• The urbanization of the northern states, due to
  the industrialization of the North (North becomes
  city oriented, because factories were taking over
  the northern states).
• Settlers from Europe are coming to America to
  work in the factories
• The southern states did not experience the change
  associated with industry, so they continued to
  use slaves to cultivate the crops on the large
  plantations.
• Cheap labor
• Africans werent viewed as fully human (3/5
  Compromise in 1865).

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The Cotton Gin

• The Cotton Gin was a machine, designed by Eli
  Whitney in 1793, that allowed large amounts of
  cotton to be processed in a short period of time
  (Fibers separated from seeds).
• Whitneys invention led to the growth of slavery
  because production increased exponentially with
  the cotton gin. Slave owners wanted more slaves
  to be able to increase their profits on cotton.

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African-American Abolitionists

• Frederick Douglass An escaped slave who became a
  brilliant speaker, writer and social-reformist.
  He became a living example to America that slaves
  were human, with just as much intellectual
  ability as Anglo-Americans. Many were surprised
  that an escaped slave was so polished orally.
  Douglass also became a politician and even ran
  for vice president.
• Sojourner Truth Born into slavery, Sojourner
  Truth escaped with her daughter. She also made
  history by becoming the first African-American to
  win a court case against a white man (the case
  was for the freedom of her enslaved son). Truth
  was a very active abolitionist and womans rights
  activist, who was instrumental in recruiting
  slaves to the Union Army.

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Questions

• Explain the benefit of having slaves on a large
  plantation.
• Why do you think the South doesnt embrace
  industrialization like the North?

Slaves provided the cheapest labor possible,
allowing for more profit.
The differences in Geography/Climate make farming
more profitable.
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Uncle Toms Cabin

• This best-selling novel was written by
  abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stow, and published
  in 1852 (a response to the Fugitive Slave Act).
• The story is about a dutiful, long-suffering
  slave named Tom, and his struggles to live
  through the injustice of slavery in the south.
• The book was the 2nd best selling book of the
  19th century (1 was the Bible), and portrayed
  slaves as not only human, but shed light on the
  daily injustices of slavery in America.
• Uncle Toms Cabin is said to have a profound
  impact on the viewpoints of many in the North,
  and added fuel to the flame of disagreement
  between the Northern abolitionist movement, and
  the pro-slavery Southern states.

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The Underground Railroad

• This was the system by which escaped slaves were
  traveling to the north, to freedom, but it was
  neither underground, nor a railroad.
• Underground secret
• Railroad refers to the terms that were used in
  communicating how to get safely from one place to
  another (conductor, station, etc.)
• Conductors were the people who would lead the
  escaped slaves to freedom. Harriet Tubman, a
  famous conductor, reportedly made 19 trips back
  to the South to help an estimated 300 slaves
  escape.
• Stations were the places where it was okay for
  the slaves to stop and rest, or hide from those
  trying to capture them.

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Underground Railroad continued

• The underground railroad helped unknown numbers
  of slaves escape bondage, but it also,
  inadvertently, led to the strengthening of the
  Fugitive Slave Laws in 1850.
• Slave owners didnt like the idea of people
  undermining the previous Fugitive Slave Laws by
  aiding the escaped slaves reach freedom in the
  North.

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Question

• What do you think is the underlying issue that
  caused two different mindsets about slavery
  between the abolitionists and slavery supporters?

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Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

• Because the US had 22 states (11 free and 11
  slave), when Missouri applied for admission into
  the union, a compromise had to be made. The
  compromise terms were
• Missouri would be a slave state.
• Maine, which had been part of Massachusetts,
  would be admitted as a free state (thus keeping
  the balance)
• Missouri would be the only slave state admitted
  above the 36o 30 latitude line.

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Nullification Crisis

• In 1828 the US passed a bill that would
  drastically increase the tariffs placed on
  imported goods.
• Britain could no longer afford to buy as much
  cotton.
• South Carolina declared the tariffs
  unconstitutional and refused payment.
• Congress passes the Force Bill, giving President
  Andrew Jackson authority to use any means
  necessary to collect the taxes.

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Question

• Why would high tariffs on imported goods affect
  the amount of product Britain was able to buy?

• If people cannot afford to pay for imported
  goods, they buy domestic
• Britain makes less money
• Britain is less likely to buy from Southerners,
  when Americans arent able to buy their product

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Compromise Tariff of 1833

• To calm the growing tension between the South and
  North, the leader of the Whig party, Henry Clay,
  proposed the tariff of 1833, which stated
• Most tariffs would be reduced to 20 of the
  imported items value
• The tariffs that werent would be reduced by 10
  yearly until all were below 20 by the year 1842.
• All states agreed to the terms of the compromise,
  maybe because of the previously passed Force Bill.

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Wilmot Proviso
Provided, That, as an express and fundamental
condition to the acquisition of any territory
from the Republic of Mexico by the United States,
by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated
between them, and to the use by the Executive of
the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery
nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any
part of said territory, except for crime, whereof
the party shall first be duly convicted.

• This bill was Introduced to congress by David
  Wilmot
• The Proviso would have banned slavery in all of
  the territories gained in the Mexican War.
• It passed in the House of Representatives, but
  was rejected by the Senate.
• The debate of this Provision exposed the
  overwhelming differences between the North and
  South, and further divided the country over the
  issue of slavery.

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Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay comes up with another compromise for
  the north and south in 1850, but it isnt passed
  the first time it appears before congress. Clay
  then splits the bill into 5 separate bills to be
  voted on individually and gets them all passed.
• Fugitive slave law is amended
• Slave trade in Washington D.C. is abolished, but
  not slavery.
• California joins the US as a free state
• Utah Territory has a government established
• Texas would lose all land north of the Missouri
  Compromise line, and cede some land to New Mexico.

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Daniel Webster

• A member of the Whig Party and famous
  congressman, Daniel Webster was very outspoken in
  support of the Compromise of 1850.
• He thought that slavery couldnt be stopped in
  the states that it already existed, but that it
  shouldnt be allowed to spread.
• His views were well received by moderates, but he
  lost support from abolitionist.

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Fugitive Slave Law

• Fugitive slaves laws were passed in 1793, and
  again in 1850.
• In 1793, Congress passed the first which gave a
  slave-owner the right to recover an escaped
  slave.
• In the Compromise of 1850, this law was
  strengthened, and required that law enforcement
  of the free states to capture and return slaves
  to their masters.

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Question

• Why would slave owners feel people in Free States
  needed to apprehend and return escaped slaves?

Slave owners felt is was their Constitutional
right to own slaves as property, and those that
were helping slaves escape were, essentially,
stealing property.
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Dred Scott Case (1857)

• Dredd Scott brought a suit before the United
  States Supreme Court for him and his families
  freedom
• Scott was married to and lived with free black
  woman, had lived with his master in Illinois and
  Minnesota (Free states).
• The Supreme Court decided 7-2 against Scott,
  stating that no one of African descent could
  claim citizenship in the United States of
  America, and therefor could not bring a lawsuit
  before a Federal Court.
• This decision ignited already strong sectional
  tension between the North and the South.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• This act, created by Stephen Douglas, formed the
  Kansas and Nebraska Territories
• Allowed for all new territories to decide on the
  issue of slavery by Popular Sovereignty, thus
  repealing the Missouri Compromise.

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Bleeding Kansas

• The Kansas-Nebraska act lead to Bleeding Kansas,
  when pro/anti slavery groups poured into Kansas
  to push/fight for the people to vote for or
  against slavery.
• Northern View Wealthy slave-owners would buy all
  of the best land to be worked by their slaves,
  leaving little farming land for those who werent
  wealthy.
• Southern View Because of Popular Sovereignty,
  slave-owners could bring all of their property,
  including slaves.

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Bleeding Kansas Continued

• Abolitionists fought against Missourians (Border
  Ruffians) to establish control of the government
  in Kansas.
• Abolitionist leader John Brown becomes famous
  when he leads his sons and other abolitionists to
  capture 5 pro-slavery men from their homes and
  kill them, and for his raid at Harpers Ferry.

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Harpers Ferry

• Next, Brown tried to organize a slave revolt in
  the town Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859.
• The goal of the raid was to gain control of the
  armory there, and cause an uprising among the
  slaves to scare the slave-owners in Virginia.
• The slave revolt was unsuccessful because word
  never got out to the slaves that there would be a
  revolt. Brown didnt gather the manpower he
  would need to resist the Militia and Marines
  coming to regain order in Harpers Ferry
• General Robert E. Lee was called from leave to
  lead Marines in ending the rebellion in Harpers
  Ferry
• Two of Browns three sons were killed in the
  raid, while John was captured and hanged for
  treason.
• Although many thought the attack was crazy, Brown
  became a martyr in the North.

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Preston Brooks

• Firm believer in States Rights and Slavery
• Preston Brooks was a Democratic representative
  from South Carolina who was famous for beating
  abolitionist Charles Sumner with a cane on the
  Senate floor, during a debate about states rights
  to choose slavery.

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Question

• Why would popular sovereignty create a rush of
  people coming into the new territories?
• How would that influx of people affect the voting
  process?

People wanted to create an imbalance in the
Legislative Branch, by adding one more free or
slave state. People werent going to live, but
only to sway the voting.
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Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)

• Lincoln was a lawyer before becoming a leader for
  the newly formed Republican Party. He had
  previously worked as a member of the Illinois
  House of Representatives .
• He spoke out against the expansion of slavery
  during his campaign for the senate in 1858, but
  his democratic rival Stephen A Douglas won the
  election.
• In 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican
  presidential nomination, and won the presidency
  by sweeping the North, and without much support
  from Southern states.

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Western Land Prices
Do not spread slavery discourage migration of
labor force
Low Prices to aid small farmers
High Prices
Low Prices
Expand slavery
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Labor
Skilled work force for businesses
Free labor
Free Labor
Avoid competition with cheap labor
Slave Labor
Cotton white gold needed for hard labor
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Tariffs
Protect manufactured goods from being under sold
High
High
Revenue to build for transportation
Low
Keep down cost of manufactured goods
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Internal Improvements
Create western market for manufactured goods
For
For
Roads, bridges, canals to get products east
Against
Less government spending which would raise
tariffs
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Money
Backed by gold (species), wanted credit to be
repaid
Soft - Cheap
Hard
Not back by worth, easy for farmers to get
Soft - Cheap
Farmers in debt, crop market unpredictable,
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Southern States Secede

• Before Lincoln can be sworn into office, 7
  Southern states secede from the union.
• Because there is no agreement reached about
  slavery, or the secession, they form the
  Confederate States of America (CSA). They unite
  under the leadership of President Jefferson Davis
  (1861-1865), with General Robert E. Lee advising
  him on military strategy.
• On April 12 1861, the CSA attack Fort Sumner, and
  this prompts 4 more states to secede and join the
  CSA.

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Order of Secession

1. South Carolina
2. Mississippi
3. Florida
4. Alabama
5. Georgia
6. Louisiana
7. TEXAS- February 1, 1861
8. Virginia
9. Arkansas
10. North Carolina
11. Tennessee

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Discussion

• Why would Abraham Lincolns election make the
  Slave States want to secede from the U.S.?
• What is your opinion on states being able to
  secede today?

The Republican Party was started by
Abolitionists, so slavery supporters felt that
Lincoln would be working to end slavery.
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Civil War Comparison
South
North

• Called the Confederate States of America
• Wore gray
• Were called Rebels
• President Jefferson Davis
• General Robert E. Lee
• Capital Richmond, VA

• Called the United States of America
• Wore blue
• Were called Yankees
• President Abraham Lincoln
• General Ulysses S. Grant
• Capital Washington, D.C.

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Civil War Comparison
North
South

• 23 states
• 22 million people
• Had about 85 of the nations factories
• More than double the railroad acreage of the
  South
• Naval power and shipyards belonged to the North

• 11 states
• 9 million people (3.5 million of those were
  enslaved)
• Began the war with better generals
• Fought on home territory

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The Confederate Strategy

• The South started fighting a defensive war, since
  they had been invaded
• The South depended on King Cotton to gain support
  from Europe
• As the war went on, the South took on the
  offensive and invaded the North

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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The Union Strategy

• The Unions strategy was called the Anaconda
  Plan. It was designed to smother the economy of
  the South like an anaconda squeezing its prey.
• Blockade the Souths coastline to prevent exports
• Gain control of the Mississippi River to split
  the Confederacy in two
• Take Richmond, the capital
• Lincoln ordered the invasion of Richmond in the
  summer of 1861

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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Important battles (and some other stuff)
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

• The first major land battle of the Civil War
• Fought 26 miles from Washington, D.C.
• The Confederate victory at Bull Run made the
  South think they had won the war
• It also made the North realize that they had
  underestimated their opponent

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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Battle of Antietam

• Late in 1862, Generals Robert E. Lee and George
  McClellan faced off in the first battle in
  Northern territory
• After a string of defeats, McClellans victory
  over Lee provided Abraham Lincoln with an
  opportunity to issue the Emancipation
  Proclamation
• It remains as the bloodiest day in American
  history with over 22,000 casualties

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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The Emancipation Proclamation

• On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the
  Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves
  in Confederate territory
• Lincoln did not have the Constitutional power to
  free slaves in the United States
• This weakened the Confederacy, and changed the
  goal of the war for the North from preservation
  to liberation

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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Turning Point Gettysburg

• There are two Northern victories in the war that
  are considered turning points Gettysburg and
  Vicksburg.
• Gettysburg turned back the Confederacys advance
  into the North
• Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address following the
  battle

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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Turning Point Vicksburg

• The Northern siege of Vicksburg gave control of
  the Mississippi River to the North, splitting the
  South in two
• The victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg swung
  the tide of war to the North

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
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War Changes Womens Roles

• There were few battles in Texas
• Life on plantations didnt change, except there
  were no men around to work the crops or tend the
  livestock
• Four out of five men were away from home
• Women and children did the work they left behind
• Women also served as nurses during the Civil War

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART II
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The End of the War

• After the losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg,
  things were not good for the Confederacy
• Abraham Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant as
  commander of the Union armies
• Grant came up with a plan to defeat the
  Confederacy
• Grant would chase Robert E. Lees (the
  Confederate commander) army in Virginia
• General Sherman would push through the Deep South
  to Atlanta

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Texas Role

• Sam Houston had been elected Governor of Texas,
  but when He refused to pledge allegiance to the
  Confederacy, the Texas legislature relieved him
  of his duties as Governor.

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Texas Role

• Texas declared secession on February 1, 1861, and
  also listed its reasons for seceding.
• We hold as undeniable truths that the governments
  of the various States, and of the confederacy
  itself, were established exclusively by the white
  race, for themselves and their posterity that
  the African race had no agency in their
  establishment that they were rightfully held and
  regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and
  in that condition only could their existence in
  this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable.
• Texas Secession Convention (February 1861),

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Texas Role

• John Bell Hood- Hoods TX brigade fought for the
  Confederacy, and General Robert E. Lee said they
  were his, Finest Soldiers.
• Terry TX Rangers Fought in more battles than any
  other Calvary Regiment.
• Davis Guard 47 Confederates defend Sabine pass
  against the Union capturing 2 ships and 350
  Union troops.

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Texas Role

• The population of Texas wasnt enough to supply a
  large number of troops to the confederate army,
  but Texas did supply them with horses, beef,
  corn, beans, cannon ammunition and uniforms.
• Texas cotton crop was very valuable and its
  trade helped to supply the Confederacy with much
  needed supplies.
• The Union made it a point to cut of the trade
  routes along the ports in Texas, which kept the
  Confederacy from getting needed supplies.

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Quotes

• The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice are
  not enjoyed in common. The rich inheritance of
  justice, liberty, prosperity, and independence
  bequeathed given by your fathers is shared by
  you, not by me. The sunlight that brought light
  and healing to you has brought stripes

Former slave speaking on the unequal treatment of
African Americans in the United States
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Quotes

• The absence of most of the able-bodied men in the
  army threw the whole burden of providing the
  necessities of life upon the women, who, with the
  assistance of the slaves, produced both food and
  clothing from the raw material to the finished
  productsThus while the men were strugglingin
  camp and in battle, the work of the women was no
  less heroic and patriotic in their homes.
• Louis J. Wortham, A History of Texas From
  Wilderness to Commonwealth (Fort Worth, 1924).

Womens economic role because of the war.
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Quotes

• "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers
  brought forth upon this continent a new nation,
  conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
  proposition that all men are created equal. Now
  we are engaged in a great civil war, ... and that
  government of the people, by the people, for the
  people, shall not perish from the earth."

Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address
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• That on the first day of January, 1863, all
  persons held as slaves within any State or part
  of a State, the people whereof shall then be in
  rebellion against the United States, shall be
  forever free

Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation
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Quotes

• "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I
  believe this government cannot endure,
  permanently, half slave and half free. I do not
  expect the Union to be dissolved I do not expect
  the house to fall but I do expect it will cease
  to be divided. It will become all one thing, or
  all the other.
• Abraham Lincoln Illinois Debates 1858

Sectionalism is a threat to the United States
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