World History to 1500 A.D.

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World History to 1500 A.D.

• 2nd Semester SOL Review

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What is it

• It was located on 7 hills, along the Tiber River.
• It was protected from the north by the Alps.
• It is a peninsula that extends into the central
  part of the Mediterranean Sea, and thus dominated
  trade in the region.

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It is
Rome
The Alps Mts.
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What is it

• It was based on its Greek predecessor.
• It is still used in western literature, art, and
  science such as naming plants and planets, and
  explaining natural phenomena and human behavior
  and events.
• It had similar figures and characters- and thus
  was polytheistic, but used different names.

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It is
Roman Religion
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Who were they

• Both groups were citizens- meaning they were
  responsible for paying taxes and serving in the
  military.
• They were the ruling minority, and ruled majority
  in Roman society.

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They were
Patricians and Plebeians
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Who were they

• They often exercised power, and were sometimes
  left in charge of the affairs of powerful
  individuals.
• They were the lowest class in ancient Rome.
• Their status, as in most ancient societies, was
  not based on race- rather on debt and warfare

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They were

• Slaves

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What were they

• They were the main working components of the
  Roman legislature.
• They were the upper house of the Roman
  legislature, those who held executive powers,
  and those who represented the masses.
• They were given the power of the veto, to block
  legislations that they feared would harm those
  they represented.

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They were Assemblies,
the Senate, and Consuls
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What is it

• It is the type of government practiced during the
  Roman Republic.
• It is different in form from the direct democracy
  that was practiced in Greece.
• It involves voting for someone to make laws for
  you in the legislature.

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It is
Representative democracy
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What were they

• They were given to the plebeians by the
  patricians in an effort to ease their demands for
  political power.
• They were placed in the Forum for all to see, and
  were the defined the rights of citizens in the
  Roman Republic.
• They are the source from which we draw our ideas
  of equality before the law and innocence until
  proven guilty.

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They were

• The Twelve Tables

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What were they

• They were a series of 3 wars fought from 264 to
  146 B.C.
• They were fought between Rome and Carthage.
• Romes victory in these wars resulted in its
  spread of culture, gain of land, and control over
  trade in the Mediterranean Basin.

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They were

• The Punic Wars

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Who were we?

• We were the two generals who fought in the 2nd
  Punic War.
• One general was from Carthage, and famously
  invaded the Italian Peninsula through the Alps
  using war elephants.
• The other general was the Roman who decided the
  way to make his adversary leave Rome was to
  attack him down in Carthage.

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We were

• Hannibal and Scipio

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What were they

• They were the underlying cause for the reasons
  why the Roman Republic declined.
• They were large slave labor farms that put many
  Roman farmers out of business, causing
  unemployment, crime, and crowding in the capital
  city.
• They caused the Roman currency to devaluate
  (loose value).

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They were

• Latifundia

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Who was I?

• Along with Pompey and Crassus, I was one of the
  members of the 1st Triumvirate (rule by three
  leaders) that replaced the republic in Rome.
• I was a Roman General who became popular with the
  people after conquering Gaul (France), and giving
  land and money to the peasants.
• Because of my ambition, I was feared and hated by
  the upper classes of Rome, and I eventually
  became the first dictator of Rome.
• I was murdered on the floor of the Senate, on the
  Ides of March, by my friend Marcus Brutus and
  other Senators who plotted against me.

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I was

• Julius Caesar

Et tu, Brutae?
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Who was I?

• Following the murder of Julius Caesar, I defeated
  Marcus Brutus and then Marc Anthony for power.
• I established the Roman Empire by instituting a
  civil service, rule by law, a common coinage, and
  secure travel throughout the empire.
• I was once known as Octavian.

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I was

• Augustus Caesar

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What was it

• It included Northern Africa (from the Punic Wars
  and from Augustus defeat of Marc Anthony, the
  Middle East, Gaul, Spain, Asia Minor, The
  Hellenistic Empire of Alexander, and parts of
  Germania and Britain.
• It was secured using the powerful army of Rome,
  although it became too expensive to maintain.
• It eventually collapsed due to devaluation of
  currency, foreign invasion, changes in the
  military, and failure to find a peaceful way to
  change emperors.

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It was

• The Roman Empire

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What was it

• Beginning under Augustus Caesar, it was
  administered by a huge civil service that
  provided for the needs of the people of Rome.
• It was characterized by peace, prosperity,
  stability in the social classes, expansion of
  trade and culture, and a uniform rule of law.
• It lasted 200 years, and literally means the
  Peace of Rome.

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It was

• The Pax Romana

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What was it

• It gave birth to all the romance languages
  (Spanish, French, Italian, etc)
• It was the language of Rome.

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It was

• Latin

This says If you can read this, you are
overeducated.
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Roman Architecture you need to know about for the
SOL
The Colosseum- home of brutal gladiatorial games
and execution of Christians.
The Pantheon from pan meaning all and theos
meaning gods.
The Forum- the Roman government and religious
center. Where the 12 Tables were placed.
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Roman Technology you need to know about for the
SOL
Roman Arches provides strength for the
structure while using less building materials.
Roman aqueducts that carried fresh water into
Rome, and are still in use today.
All weather roads - such as the Appian Way.
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Who was I

• Although I was a Roman citizen, I was from Egypt,
  which was then a part of the Roman Empire.
• I was the most prominent Roman scientist and
  mathematician.
• I came up with the geocentric theory or earth
  centered theory of the universe, which would be
  the prominent idea of the universe until the
  Renaissance.

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I was

• Ptolemy

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What were they

• They were proof that hygiene was important to the
  Romans.
• They included technology as well as studies.

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They were

• Medical schools, public baths, and public water
  systems brought in by aqueducts.

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Who was I

• I am considered by many to be the composer of
  Romes greatest work of literature.
• My work was about a Prince of Rome (Aeneas) who
  had a tragic love with a Princess of Carthage
  (Dido).
• My work was called the Aeneid.

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I was

• Virgil

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What is it?

• It occurred during the middle of the Roman Empire
  in the province of Judea.
• It is the event around which modern time is
  measured.
• It was the event that marked the beginning of a
  new Jewish sect in the middle east that would
  become one of the biggest religions in the world.

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It is

• The Birth of Jesus of Nazareth

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What was it

• It conflicted with the polytheistic religion of
  the Roman Empire.
• It had its roots in Judaism.
• It was centered around the belief that a Messiah
  or savior had come to redeem the souls of man.

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It is

• Christianity

Key beliefs of Christianity you must know for the
SOL -monotheism -Jesus as God, son of God, and
man -life after death -New Testament contains
account of Jesus life and his teachings -Christia
n doctrine (official beliefs) was established by
early church counsels
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What was it

• It was carried by Apostles, like Paul, throughout
  the Roman Empire.
• Roman persecution, designed to slow it down,
  ended up creating martyrs.
• It was eventually adopted as the official
  religion of Rome.

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It was

• The Spread of Christianity

Saul of Tarsus who became St. Paul- Author of the
Epistles
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What was it

• It was issued in 330 A.D.
• It was issued by the Emperor Constantine.
• It was the law/proclamation that legalized
  Christianity in the Roman Empire.

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It was

• The Edict of Milan

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What was it

• It became an example of moral authority in the
  late Roman Empire, and after its fall.
• It was the first and only church in Western
  Christendom for the first 1500 years of
  Christianity.
• After the fall of Rome, loyalty to it became more
  important than loyalty to the government.
• It became the unifying force of Western Europe,
  under the Pope (Bishop of Rome).

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It was

• The Roman Catholic Church

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Why did it happen

• The Fall of Rome

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It happened because

• Economic reasons- the cost of defense and
  devaluation of Roman currency.
• Military reasons- Army membership started to
  include invaders and discipline broke down.
• Moral decay- peoples loss of faith in Rome and
  the breakdown of the family unit.
• Political reasons- civil conflict and weak/ crazy
  leaders.
• Invasions

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Who am I

• I was the Emperor of Rome who moved the capital
  of the Empire to the Greek City of Byzantium, and
  then named it after myself.
• I was the first to legalize Christianity with the
  Edict of Milan.

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I am

• Constantine the Great

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What was it

• It was located in Greece along the Bosporus
  Strait between the Mediterranean and Black Seas
• It was once the Greek city of Byzantium.
• It became the new Capital of the Roman Empire in
  the 300s AD.
• One of its greatest accomplishments was the
  preservation of Greek and Roman works of
  knowledge and literature.

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It was

• Constantinople

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Who was I

• I was a Byzantine Orthodox Christian missionary.
• I spread Orthodox Christianity to the Russians
  (Slavs).
• I created the Cyrillic Alphabet, still used in
  Russia and Eastern Europe today, in order to aid
  their conversion.

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I was

• Saint Cyril

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What were they

• They were the reason(s) The Byzantine Empire was
  influential in Eastern Europe and Russia.
• They ran between the Black and Baltic Seas, and
  the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

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They were

• trade routes

Black Sea to Baltic Sea trade route
.
Constantinople - along the Bosporus Strait
Med Sea to Black Sea trade route
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Who was I

• I expanded trade in the Byzantine Empire.
• I re-conquered Roman lands lost to barbarian
  invasions.
• I codified Roman Law (Corpus Jurius Civillis)
• My wife, Theodora was one of my closest advisors,
  despite her questionable background.

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I was

• Justinian

Byzantine mosaic depicting the Emperor Justinian
and his wife Theodora.
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What is it

• It was destroyed during the Nika Riot, and
  rebuilt by the Emperor Justinian.
• It was the domed Byzantine church of holy
  wisdom.
• It was considered so beautiful by the invading
  Muslims, that it was made into a mosque, and
  future mosques were built to resemble it.

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It is

• The Hagia Sophia

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What were they

• They an art form that combined eastern and
  western influences.
• They were created using small pieces of colored
  pottery or glass put together into a larger
  picture.
• They often told stories or depicted historic
  events and figures.

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They were

• mosaics

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What was it

• Use of these was a major reason for the split
  between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
  Churches.
• They often took the form of statues, mosaics,
  pictures, etc.
• It was a depiction of a religious figure or event.

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It was

• an Icon

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What was it?

• It was the first major split within Christianity.
• It was a split between the Popes Roman Catholic
  Church and the Patriarchs Eastern Orthodox
  Church.
• The split occurred over the use of icons, the
  marriage of priests,

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It was

• The Schism

Roman Catholic Church -Pope (Bishop of Rome) was
head of church and dominated politics. -no
marriage for priests (celibacy) -use of
icons -uses Latin in liturgy (church services)
Eastern Orthodox Church -Patriarch (Bishop of
Constantinople) was head of church but dominated
by the Emperor. -marriage for priests (not
celibate) -no use of icons -uses Greek in liturgy
(church services)
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Who am I

• I am from the Saudi Arabian Peninsula.
• I was driven from my home city of Mecca, to the
  city of Medina, but returned in triumph to Mecca.
• I received a revelation from the Angel Gabriel
  sent from Allah, and became the prophet of Islam.

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I am

• Muhammad

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What is it

• It is one of the three major monotheistic
  religions that accepts the Judeo-Christian
  prophets, such as Moses and Jesus.
• It originated on the Arabian Peninsula, in the
  city of Mecca- approximately 622 AD.
• It is based on the revelations of the Prophet
  Muhammad-and its followers are called Muslims-
  literally meaning, one who submits to Allah.

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It is

• Islam

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What is it

• It is composed of versus called surahs.
• The word literally means recitation.
• It is the holy book of Islam.

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It is

• The Holy Koran (also spelled Quran)

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What are they

• They are Shahadah, Salah, Saum, Zakah, and Hajj.
• They include a declaration of faith, alms to the
  poor, prayer 5x a day, fasting during Ramadan,
  and a pilgrimage to Mecca.

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They are

• The Five Pillars of Islam

Declaration of Faith, Fasting for Ramadan,
Prayer 5X A Day, Alms to the
poor, Pilgrimage to Mecca
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What is it

• It is a uniting force for Muslims worldwide.
• It was the language in which Muhammad received
  the revelation from Allah.
• It is the language of the Holy Koran.

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It is

• Arabic

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What are they

• They are groups based on who Muslims chose to
  follow following the death of Muhammad.
• It is divided into two sects, one more moderate,
  and one more fundamental.
• One group believe that the successor of Muhammad
  must be a direct descendent of his daughter and
  son in law who were divinely inspired by Allah
  (fundamentalists), one believes that Muhammads
  successor can be anybody because he is only a
  religious leader (moderate).

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They are

• Shia and Sunni Muslims

Light Green Sunni Muslims (moderate)Dark Green
Shia Muslim (fundamentalist)
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What was it

• It was the result of cultural diffusion.
• It was the result of the weakening and eventual
  fall of the Byzantine Empire.
• It moved into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and
  Central Asia although a united Muslim Empire was
  short lived.

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It was

• The spread of Islam

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What was it

• It was a battle that was fought in 732 AD.
• The victorious forces in the battle were led by
  Charles The Hammer Martel.
• It was the battle in which the spread of Islam
  into Europe was halted.

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It was

• The Battle of Tours

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Who am I

• I was king of the Franks, and grandson of Charles
  The Hammer Martel.
• On Christmas Eve in the year 800 AD, I was
  crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope. Thus, I
  formed an alliance between the Pope and the
  Frankish kings, that made the Pope a political
  power in Western Europe.
• I sought to revive the glory of the Roman Empire.
• I am also known as Charles the Great.

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I am

• Charlemagne

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What was it

• It was the result of a need for protection from
  invasion during the Medieval period.
• It was based on a relationship between landowning
  lords, those who they gave land (or fiefs) to,
  who became their vassals, those who provided
  protection (knights), and those peasant laborers/
  farmers who were bound to the land (serfs).
• It entailed obligations (or duties) that each
  member of the system exchanged, called feudal
  obligations, or feudal duties.

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It was

• The Feudal System (Feudalism)

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What were they

• They were a part of the Roman Catholic Church
  that preserved the classical heritage of Greece
  and Rome.
• Through reading and writing Latin, they sent out
  missionaries to convert Germanic Tribes.
• They were one of the main reasons the Catholic
  Church grew in importance during the Medieval
  Period.

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They were

• Monasteries

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What was it

• It was a system that became popular and necessary
  during the Medieval period in Europe.
• It was a totally self sufficient system.
• It was based on a rigid class structure.

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It was

• The Manorial System (a.k.a. The
  Feudal Manor)

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What were we

• Our invasions disrupted the social, economic, and
  political order of Europe.
• We came from Scandinavia, Central Asia, and
  continental Europe.
• We settled in Russia, Hungary, and England.

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We were

• The Angles and Saxons (from
  continental Europe to England)
• The Magyars (from Central Asia to Hungary)
• and
• The Vikings (from Scandinavia to Russia)

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What were they

• They were carried out by Western European
  political and religious leaders.
• They ended up weakening the power of the Pope and
  nobles, and increasing the power of Monarchs.
• They were an unsuccessful effort to take control
  of the Holy Land from the Muslims.

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They were

• The Crusades

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Big Results of the Crusades that you MUST KNOW
for the SOL Test!

• They increased demand for Middle Eastern products
  (spices and textiles), and it stimulated
  production of goods to trade in the Middle
  Eastern markets.
• The Catholic Church changed its idea about the
  usury / charging interest, and stimulated banking
  and credit to begin trade.
• Arabic numerals were introduced to the west along
  with new banking practices.

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Who was I

• I was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church in
  a time when Muslim invasions conquered many parts
  of Asia, and limited trade opportunities for the
  West.
• I referred to Islam as an accursed race.
• I was the Pope who called for the 1st Crusade-
  saying that it was Gods will.

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I was

• Pope Urban II

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Who were we

• We were an Asiatic group of nomadic warriors.
• We invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in
  Southwest Asia destroying cities and creating an
  empire.
• We rode war ponies that were our food source as
  well as a means of carrying supplies and serving
  as transportation, and were rarely defeated in
  combat. However we were tamed by the religion of
  Islam.

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We were

• The Mongols

The Mongol Empire
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Who was I

• I was one of the greatest Muslim Sultans in the
  history of the Arab world- I was portrayed in the
  movie Kingdom of Heaven.
• I was the leader who confronted King Richard the
  Lionhearted when he went on crusade to the Holy
  Land.
• The west lost Jerusalem to me.

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I was

• Saladin (the Great)

Saladin confronts Richard the Lionhearted
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What was it

• It was largely unexpected, as the victim of the
  crime had protected the one who committed it for
  centuries.
• It was largely a result of the failure of the
  crusades to free the holy land, and the failure
  to gain money and riches.
• It weakened Constantinople to the point where it
  was vulnerable to invasion and conquest.

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It was

• The Sack of Constantinople (by
  Western Christian Crusaders)

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Who were we

• We were a Muslim group that came from Asia Minor/
  Turkey.
• We changed the name of Constantinople to
  Istanbul, and made it the capital of our empire.
• We conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

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They were

• The Ottoman Turks

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Who was I

• I invaded England, won a victory at the Battle of
  Hastings in 1066.
• I was the leader of the Norman Conquest of
  England.
• I united most of England under my rule.

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I was

• William the Conqueror (a.k.a. William of
  Normandy)

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What was it

• It started when France attempted to confiscate
  the English territories located in Southwestern
  France. It ended when the French finally expelled
  the English from the continent.
• It was a series of Wars fought from 1337 until
  1453- it saw many changes of the map of Europe,
  and control of land on the continent.
• It defined England and France as NATIONS.

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It was

• The Hundred Years War

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Who was I

• I was a unifying factor for the French, who
  finally kicked the British off of our lands.
• I was a small girl who claimed divine inspiration
  from God I led the French army to victory.
• I was eventually burned at the stake.

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I was

• Joan of Arc

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What was it

• It was signed by King John in 1215, and literally
  means Great charter.
• It was forced on the king by his nobles.
• It was the first attempt of a nation-state to
  limit the power of its monarch (king).

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It was

• The Magna Carta

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Who was I

• I was the Russian Ruler who threw off the rule of
  the Mongols.
• I centralized power in Moscow, and expanded
  Russian power.
• It was my grandson, whom many people called Ivan
  the Terrible who became the first czar of Russia.

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I was

• Ivan the Great (Ivan III)

Ivan the Great expels the Mongols from Russia,
and centralizes power in Moscow.
121
Who was I

• I established the French throne in Paris.
• I eventually expanded my royal power over the
  rest of France from Paris.
• I established a hereditary dynasty of French
  kings called the Capetians, or Capetian Dynasty.

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I was

• Hugh Capet

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What was it

• It spread in 1347.
• It resulted in decline in population, decline in
  trade, scarcity of labor, people being freed from
  feudal obligations, and disruption of trade.
• It was also know as the Bubonic Plague.

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It was

• The Black Death

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Who were they

• They translated Greek and Arabic works into
  Latin.
• They were responsible for new knowledge in
  philosophy, medicine and science in Europe.
• They were among the few people who could read or
  write during the Middle Ages, and they laid the
  foundation for the rise of universities in Europe.

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They were

• Church scholars/ monks

127
Big Results of the Crusades that you MUST KNOW
for the SOL Test!-Again, because it is important!

• They increased demand for Middle Eastern products
  (spices and textiles), and it stimulated
  production of goods to trade in the Middle
  Eastern markets.
• The Catholic Church changed its idea about the
  usury / charging interest, and stimulated banking
  and credit to begin trade.
• Arabic numerals were introduced to the west along
  with new banking practices.

128
What was it

• It was a movement that began in Northern Italian
  port cities (who had contact with the Middle East
  through trade) and spread to the rest of Europe.
• It was a movement to revive the ancient teachings
  and art forms of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
• It involved humanism, or the idea that people
  were good, and could help their own redemption
  and salvation. Thus it emphasized humanistic
  themes, not just religious ones, as in the Middle
  Ages.

129
It was

• The Renaissance

130
Who was I

• I wrote a book during the Renaissance for my
  patron, in which I discuss rulers gaining and
  keeping power.
• I advise leaders to do good if possible, but
  also to do evil when necessary.
• My book, The Prince, supported the idea of
  absolute power and the end justifying the means
  my name became the root for a word that means
  leadership by any means necessary.

131
I was

• Niccolo Machiavelli

132
Who was I

• I was a Renaissance humanist, artist, painter,
  scholar. Many considered me the ultimate
  renaissance man.
• I was persecuted by the Catholic Church for
  sodomy and necromancy (worship of the dead)
  despite being one of its greatest artists.
• I painted the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper.

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I was

• Leonardo da Vinci

134
Who was I

• I was a contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci, yet
  was darker in my themes besides, I thought of
  myself more as a sculptor than a painter.
• I painted biblical scenes on the ceiling of the
  Sistine Chapel for my patron, Pope Julius II.
• I sculpted the David of Florence.

135
I was

• Michelangelo

136
Who was I

• I was an Italian poet who lived from 1304-1374.
• I wrote sonnets and other humanist scholarship,
  or works that celebrated man and human topics.
• Many consider me the father of humanism.

137
I was

• Francisco Petrarch

True, we love life, not
because we are used to living,
but because we are used to
loving. There is always some madness in
love, but there is also always some reason in
madness. -Petrarch
138
Where was it

• The Renaissance spread from Italy, with themes of
  humanism, to here.
• The themes of the Renaissance shifted to reform
  of religion when it spread to here.
• Movable type, invented by Gutenberg, made this
  the logical place for the Renaissance to spread
  to.

139
It was

• Northern Europe

140
Who was I

• I was a Dutch teacher and theologian.
• I was exiled for poking fun at the Church,
  although I called for church reform, rather than
  doing away with the church.
• I wrote In Praise of Folly (1511).

141
I was

• Erasmus

142
Who was I

• I was the Archbishop of Canterbury, who
  criticized Henry VIII for his behaviors, and was
  later assassinated for it.
• I wrote a book about a perfect society.
• My book was called Utopia.

143
I was

• Sir Thomas More

144
What were they

• They were 3 ancient kingdoms in the Americas.
  They were whipped out by disease and colonization
  when Europeans came in the late 1400s and early
  1500s.
• They were known for pyramidal architecture and
  agricultural advancements.
• They were robbed of massive amounts of gold and
  silver by the Spanish Conquistadores.

145
They were

• The Maya (Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico),
• The Aztec (Central Valley of Mexico),
• and the Inca (Andes Mountains in Peru).