World History

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World History

• Junior Blitz

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Day 1 Agenda

• Welcome
• Expectations
• Review of the Renaissance

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Test Taking Tips 1

• Read everything Carefully- many of the GHSGT
  questions involve short articles, tables, charts,
  and graphs. All test questions require careful
  reading of the directions and the questions and
  four answers.

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Test Taking Tip 2

• There are NO Trick Questions- while it is
  important to read each question carefully, we
  have not included any trick questions. You
  should not spend too much time trying to figure
  out what we really mean. If you read the entire
  questions (including all accompanying material),
  then the real meaning should be clear. We do not
  consider requiring a careful reading of the
  entire question to be a trick.

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Test Taking Tip 3

• Consider Every Question- You must choose, from
  the four alternatives, the answer that best
  addresses the question. Some of the alternatives
  (distractors) will be attractive because they
  include an irrelevant detail, a common
  misconception, or apply the right information in
  the wrong way.

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Practice Question

• While both Italian and Northern Renaissance
  writers held humanist views, Northern Renaissance
  writers such as Desiderius Erasmus focused more
  on
• nature.
• politics.
• religion.
• science.

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Correct Answer C

• Northern Renaissance writers such as Erasmus
  focused more on religion than on other worldly
  ideas. Erasmus, for example, believed that people
  should study the Bible and wrote The Praise of
  Folly, an essay which ends with an outline of
  true Christian ideals.

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Practice Question

• What was an important impact of the astrolabe in
  Europe during the 1500s and 1600s?
• It helped engineers use Newtons laws to invent
  new machines.
• It improved the ability of explorers to navigate
  across far distances.
• It increased the efficiency of book printing
  through the use of movable type.
• It provided new evidence that supported Kelpers
  laws of planetary motion.

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Correct Answer B

• The astrolabe is an astronomical instrument used
  by European explorers during the 1500s and 1600s
  to determine the ships latitude. This improved
  the ability of explores to navigate far distances
  during this time.

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SSWH13. The student will examine the
intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
QCC standards WH10, WH12, WH13
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What Was the Renaissance?
1

• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and
  change in many areaspolitical, social, economic,
  and cultural. Perhaps most important, however,
  were the changes that took place in the way
  people viewed themselves and their world.
• Renaissance thinkers explored the human
  experience in the here and now. They emphasized
  individual achievement.
• The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent
  in many fields.

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a. Explain the social, economic, and political
changes that contributed to the rise ofFlorence
and the ideas of Machiavelli.
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Renaissance Italy
1
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Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
1

• The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in
  the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the
  center of the Roman empire.
• The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages
  and grown into prosperous centers of trade and
  manufacturing.
• A wealthy merchant class in the Italian
  city-states stressed education and individual
  achievement and spent lavishly on the arts.
• Florence produced an amazing number of gifted
  poets, artists, architects, scholars, and
  scientists.

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Machiavelli

• The Prince is an intensely practical guide to the
  exercise of raw political power over a
  Renaissance principality.
• Allowing for the unpredictable influence of
  fortune, Machiavelli argued that it is primarily
  the character or vitality or skill of the
  individual leader that determines the success of
  any state.
• The book surveys various bold means of acquiring
  and maintaining the principality and evaluates
  each of them solely by reference to its
  likelihood of augmenting the glory of the prince
  while serving the public interest.
• It is this focus on practical success by any
  means, even at the expense of traditional moral
  values, that earned Machiavelli's scheme a
  reputation for ruthlessness, deception, and
  cruelty.

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b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements
of Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissanceman, and
Michelangelo.
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Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
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LEONARDO
MICHELANGELO
Renaissance Man
Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected
corpses to learn how the human body
worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The
Last Supper Studied botany, anatomy, optics,
music, architecture, and engineering Made
sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect,
and poet Sculpted the Pieta and statue of
David Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Designed the dome
for St. Peters Cathedral in Rome
Renaissance Man and, less commonly, Homo
Universalis (Latin for "universal man" or "man of
the world") are related and used to describe a
person who is well educated or who excels in a
wide variety of subjects or fields.
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c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism
include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, andErasmus.
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Humanism
1

• At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an
  intellectual movement known as humanism.
• Humanism was based on the study of classical
  culture and focused on worldly subjects rather
  than on religious issues.
• Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects
  taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed
  that education should stimulate creativity.

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Northern Humanists
2

• Like their Italian counterparts, northern
  humanists stressed education and classical
  learning. At the same time, they believed that
  the revival of ancient learning should be used to
  bring about religious and moral reforms.
• Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the
  church and for the bible to be translated from
  Latin into the vernacular, or language of
  ordinary people.

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• The writings of Dante, and particularly the
  doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like
  Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of
  intellectual freedom and individual expression.

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d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation include the ideas of Martin
Lutherand John Calvin.
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The Protestant Reformation
3

• In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces
  that would shatter Christian unity. The movement
  is known as the Protestant Reformation.
• People who joined the movement for reform called
  themselves Protestants, for those who protested
  papal authority.

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Abuses in the Church
3
Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had
become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.

• Popes competed with Italian princes for political
  power.
• Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal
  States against invaders.
• Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences.
• Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great
  deal of money on the arts.
• The Church increased fees for services such as
  weddings and baptisms to finance worldly
  projects.

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The Teachings of Martin Luther
3

• Salvation is achieved through faith alone.
• Luther rejected Church doctrine that
  good deeds were necessary for salvation.
• The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.
• Luther denied other authorities, such
  as Church councils or the pope.
• All Christians have equal access to God through
  faith and the Bible.
• Luther rejected the idea that priests
  and Church officials had special powers.

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Luthers ideas spread quickly in northern Germany
and Scandinavia.
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Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support?

• Many clergy saw Luthers reforms as the answer to
  Church corruption.
• German princes hoped to throw off the rule of
  both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
• Germans supported Luther because of feelings of
  national loyalty.
• Peasants hoped that Luther would support social
  and economic change.

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John Calvin
3
The most important Protestant reformer to follow
Martin Luther was John Calvin.

• Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin
  Luther. He also preached predestination, the
  idea that God had long ago determined who would
  gain salvation.
• In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A
  theocracy is a government run by Church leaders.
• By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in
  Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and
  Scotland.
• In several of these countries, Calvinists faced
  opposition and persecution from other religious
  groups.

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Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation
4
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Peasants Revolt Founding of Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other
Protestant churches Weakening of Holy Roman
Empire Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from
Christian lands
Religious wars in Europe Catholic
Reformation Strengthening of the
Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern
Europe Increased anti-Semitism
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Widespread Persecution
4

• During this period of heightened religious
  passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered
  intolerance.
• Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants
  killed Catholics.
• Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of
  people, mostly women, died as victims of witch
  hunts.
• In some places, Jews were forced to live in
  ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In
  other places, they were expelled from Christian
  lands and their books and synagogues were burned.
  

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e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the
Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.
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The Catholic Reformation
4

• Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement
  within the Catholic Church.
• Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral
  authority of the Church and roll back the
  Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he
• Called the Council of Trent to establish the
  direction that reform should take
• Strengthened the Inquisition
• Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits,
  to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.

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f. Describe the English Reformation and the role
of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
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England and the Church
4
In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul,
or cancel, his marriage.
The pope refused Henrys request.
Henry took the Church from the popes control and
created the Church of England.
Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant
reforms to England.
Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to
England. She had hundreds of English Protestants
burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between
Protestants and Catholics.
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g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the
invention of the printing press.
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The Printing Revolution
2

• A printing revolution took place when
• In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
  using the first printing press and printing inks.
• Movable type was developed twenty years later.
• IMPACT
• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.
• With books more readily available, more people
  learned to read.
• Readers gained access to a broad range of
  knowledge and ideas.

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• Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain are MOST
  associated with the exploration and settling of
• A) Quebec and New France.
• B) Jamestown and Roanoke.
• C) Haiti and New Orleans.
• D) St. Augustine and Miami.

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Correct Answer A

• Though their time periods span a range of nearly
  100 years, Jacques Cartier and Samuel de
  Champlain are MOST associated with the foundation
  of French settlements in Quebec and New France.
  They were active in the 1530s, and early 1600s
  respectively.

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Correct Answer A

• The work by people such as Nicolaus Copernicus,
  Andreas Vesalius, and William Harvey in the
  Scientific Revolution was made possible by
  advances during the
• A) Renaissance.  
• B) Enlightenment.
• C) Age of Exploration.
• D) Protestant Reformation

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• The advances of the Scientific Revolution would
  not have been possible if not for the work of
  people like Galileo in the Renaissance. Scholars
  of the Renaissance rediscovered the works of
  Greek and Roman scientists and began improving
  upon them. This led to the period that historians
  eventually called the Scientific Revolution.

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SSWH10. The student will analyze the impact of
the age of discovery and expansion into the
Americas, Africa, and Asia. QCC standard WH11
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Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas?
1

• As Europes population recovered from the Black
  Death, the demand for trade goods grew.
• Europeans wanted spices.
• European merchants wanted to gain direct access
  to the riches of Asia.
• Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the
  Muslims.
• Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to
  learn about distant lands.

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Early Voyages of European Exploration, 14871609
1
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a. Explain the roles of explorers and
conquistadors include Vasco da Gama,
ChristopherColumbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and
Samuel de Champlain.
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Portugals Voyages to the East
1
In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of
Calicut in India.
In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on Calicut.
The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian
Ocean to create a vast trading empire.
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Columbuss Voyages to the West
1

• Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to
  reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing
  west across the Atlantic.
• Columbus believed that the land that he reached
  was the Indies. In fact, he had found a route to
  continents previously unknown to Europeans. These
  lands later became known as the West Indies.

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• When Columbus returned, Spain and Portugal both
  rushed to claim the lands Columbus had explored.
• Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation,
  giving to Spain rights to any land west of the
  line and to Portugal, rights to any land east of
  the line.

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Exploring the Americas
1
Europeans continued to seek new routes around or
through the Americas. Ferdinand Magellan
charted a passage around the southern tip of
South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its
name. His crew became the first people to
circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. Samuel
de Champlain founded New France in the Americas.
In modern times New France is called Quebec.
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b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global
economic and cultural impact.
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The Columbian Exchange
5

• When Columbus returned to
• Spain in 1493, he brought
• with him new plants and
• animals. Later that year, he
• returned to the Americas
• with some 1,200 settlers and
• a collection of European
• animals and plants.
• In this way, Columbus began
• a vast global exchange that
• would have a profound effect
• on the world.

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A Commercial Revolution
5

• The opening of direct links with Asia, Africa,
  and the Americas had far-reaching economic
  consequences for Europeans.
• Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the
  cycle of inflation.
• European inflation had several causes
• As the population grew, the demand for goods
  and services rose.
• Because goods were scarce, sellers could
  raise their prices.
• The increased flow of gold and silver from the
  Americas led to more money in circulation.
• Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires
  spurred the growth of European capitalism, the
  investment of money to make a profit.
• Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new
  business class. Together they helped change the
  local European economy into an international
  trading system.

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Mercantilism
5

• European monarchs adopted a new economic policy,
  known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening
  their national economies.
• According the mercantilism, a nations real
  wealth is measured in its gold and silver
  treasure. To build its supply of gold and silver,
  a nation must export more goods than it imports.
• Overseas empires and colonies existed for the
  benefit of the parent nation. Rulers needed to
  adopt policies to increase national wealth and
  government revenues.

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• To achieve these goals, European governments
• passed strict laws regulating trade with their
  colonies.
• exploited natural resources, built roads, and
  backed new industries.
• sold monopolies to large producers in certain
  areas.
• imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.

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How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans?
5

• The impact of economic change depended on a
  persons social class.
• Merchants who invested in overseas ventures
  acquired wealth.
• Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by
  the price revolution.
• Hired workers in towns and cities faced
  poverty and discontent when their wages did not
  keep up with inflation.
• Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not
  affected until centuries later.
• Within Europes growing cities, there were great
  differences in wealth and power.

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c. Explain the role of improved technology in
European exploration include the astrolabe.
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Tools of Ocean Navigation
1
Astrolabe  This device was used to measure the
angles of the sun and stars above the horizon. It
was difficult to use accurately in rough seas.
Caravel  This ship combined the square sails of
European vessels with the lateen (triangular)
sails of their Arab counterparts. The new rigging
made it easier to sail across and into the wind.
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SSWH13. The student will examine the
intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
QCC standards WH10, WH12, WH13
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a. Explain the scientific contributions of
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton andhow
these ideas changed the European world view.
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These scientific discoveries called into question
various religious teachings. Thus weakening the
Roman Catholic Church Authority.

• In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a
  heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the
  universe.
• Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved
  around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an
  ellipse.
• Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed
  the heliocentric model. This discovery caused
  an uproar and Galileo was tried before the
  Inquisition.
• Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity.

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b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment
from the writings of Locke and Rousseauand their
relationship to politics and society.
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Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment
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ROUSSEAU
JOHN LOCKE
Believed that people were basically good.
Argued that government controls should be
minimal and should only be imposed by a freely
elected government. Felt the good of the
community should be placed above individual
interests.
People are basically reasonable and moral.
People have certain natural rights. A
government has a duty to the people it governs.
If a government fails, the people have the right
to overthrow it.
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SSWH14. The student will analyze the Age of
Revolutions and Rebellions. QCC standardsWH13,
WH14
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England 1689
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The Glorious Revolution
3

• When James II angered his subjects and clashed
  with Parliament, parliamentary leaders invited
  William and Mary to become rulers of England.
  When William and Mary landed in England, James
  II fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of a
  king became known as the Glorious Revolution.
• Before they could be crowned, William and Mary
  had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which
  
• ensured superiority of Parliament over the
  monarchy.
• gave the House of Commons power of the purse.
• prohibited a monarch from interfering with
  Parliament.
• barred any Roman Catholic from sitting on the
  throne.
• restated the rights of English citizens.
• The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy,
  but a type of government called limited monarchy,
  in which a constitution or legislative body
  limits the monarchs powers.

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US Revolution
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The 13 Colonies
4

• By the mid 1700s, the colonies were home to
  diverse religious and ethnic groups. The
  colonists felt entitled to the rights of English
  citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised
  much control over local affairs.
• Although the ways of life between the colonists
  of New England and those in the south differed,
  the colonists shared common values, respect for
  individual enterprise, and an increasing sense of
  their own identity separate from that of Britain.

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Growing Discontent
4
After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13
colonies grew strained. George III wanted the
colonists to help pay for the Seven Years War
and troops still stationed along the
frontier. No taxation without
representation. The colonists protested that
since they had no representation in Parliament,
the British had no right to tax them. British
troops fired on a crowd of colonists in the
Boston Massacre. Colonists protested by
dumping British tea into Boston Harbor in the
Boston Tea Party. Representatives from each
colony met in a Continental Congress. War broke
out between Britain and the colonists. The
Second Continental Congress declared independence
from Britain and issued the Declaration of
Independence.
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The American Revolution in the East
4
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A New Constitution
4
The new constitution reflected the Enlightenment
ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

• The framers of the Constitution saw government in
  terms of a social contract. They provided for an
  elective legislature and an elected president.
• The Constitution created a federal republic, with
  power divided between the federal government and
  the states.
• The federal government was separated among the
  legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
  Each branch was provided with checks and balances
  on the other branches.
• The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to
  the Constitution, recognized that people had
  basic rights that the government must protect.

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France
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Causes and Effects of the French Revolution
4
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
Huge government debt Poor harvests and rising
price of bread Failure of Louis XVI to accept
financial reforms Formation of National
Assembly Storming of Bastille
Corrupt, inconsistent, and insensitive
leadership Prosperous members of Third Estate
resent privileges of First and Second
estates Spread of Enlightenment ideas
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Napoleon gains power Napoleonic Code
established French public schools set up French
conquests spread nationalism Revolutions occur
in Europe and Latin America
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
adopted France adopts its first written
constitution Monarchy abolished Revolutionary
France fights coalition of European powers Reign
of Terror
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Haiti 1791
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HAITI 1791

• Haiti was the first republic in modern history
  led by people of African descent.
• It went directly from being a French colony to
  governing itself.
• The pattern established under colonial rule had
  powerful and long-lasting effects, though, having
  established a model of minority rule over the
  illiterate poor using violence and threats.
• Colonialism and slavery were outlived by the
  racial prejudice that they had contributed to
  the new post-rebellion racial elite (referred to
  as mulattoes) had African ancestry, but many were
  also of European ancestry as descendants of white
  planters.
• Some had received educations, served in the
  military, and accumulated land and wealth.

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RESULTS

• The Haitian Revolution was influential in slave
  rebellions in America and British colonies.
• The loss of a major source of western revenue
  shook Napoleon's faith in the promise of the
  western world, encouraging him to unload other
  French assets in the region including the
  territory known as Louisiana.
• In the early 1800s, many refugees, including free
  people of color and white planters, of whom some
  in both categories had owned slaves, settled in
  New Orleans, adding many new members to both its
  French-speaking mixed-race population and African
  population.
• In 1807 Britain became the first major power to
  permanently abolish the slave trade.
• The Haitian Revolution stood as a model for
  achieving emancipation for slaves in the United
  States who attempted to mimic Toussaint
  Louverture's actions. Louverture remains a hero
  to this day.

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Latin America 1808-1825
75

• The Hispanic American wars of independence refer
  to the numerous wars against Spanish rule in
  Hispanic America that took place during the early
  19th century, from 1808 until 1829 and resulted
  in the creation of a chain of newly independent
  countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in
  the south to Mexico in the north.

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c. Explain Napoleons rise to power, and his
defeat and explain the consequences forEurope.
77
The Rise of Napoleon
4
1769 Born on island of Corsica 1793 Helps
capture Toulon from British promoted to
brigadier general 1795 Crushes rebels
opposed to the National Convention 17961797 Beco
mes commander in chief of the army of Italy wins
victories against Austria 17981799 Loses to
the British in Egypt and Syria 1799 Overthrows
Directory and becomes First Consul of
France 1804 Crowns himself emperor of France
78
France Under Napoleon
4

• Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening
  the central government. Order, security, and
  efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and
  fraternity as the slogans of the new regime.
• Napoleon instituted a number of reforms to
  restore economic prosperity.
• Napoleon developed a new law code, the Napoleonic
  Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles.

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• Napoleon undid some of the reforms of the French
  Revolution
• Women lost most of their newly gained rights.
• Male heads of household regained complete
  authority over their wives and children.

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Building an Empire
4

• As Napoleon created a vast French empire, he
  redrew the map of Europe.
• He annexed, or added outright, some areas to
  France.
• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire.
• He cut Prussia in half.

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• Napoleon controlled much of Europe through
  forceful diplomacy.
• He put friends and relatives on the thrones of
  Europe.
• He forced alliances on many European powers.
• Britain alone remained outside Napoleons empire.
  

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Napoleons Power in Europe, 1812
4
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Challenges to Napoleons Empire
5

• The impact of nationalism
• Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of
  the French Revolution nevertheless saw Napoleon
  and his armies as foreign oppressors.
• Resistance in Spain
• Napoleon had replaced the king of Spain with
  his own brother, but many Spaniards remained
  loyal to their former king. Spanish patriots
  conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare against
  the French.
• War with Austria
• Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to
  resume hostilities against the French.
• Defeat in Russia
• Nearly all of Napoleons 400,000 troops sent
  on a campaign in Russia died, most from hunger
  and the cold of the Russian winter.

84
Downfall of Napoleon
5
1812Napoleons forces were defeated in
Russia. Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia
form a new alliance against a weakened
France. 1813Napoleon was defeated in the Battle
of Nations in Leipzig. 1814Napoleon abdicated,
or stepped down from power, and was exiled to
Elba, an island in the Mediterranean
Sea. 1815Napoleon escaped his exile and
returned to France. Combined British and
Prussian forces defeated Napoleon at
Waterloo. Napoleon was forced to abdicate again,
and was this time exiled to St. Helena, an island
in the South Atlantic. 1821Napoleon died in
exile.
.
85
Legacy of Napoleon
5

• The Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of
  the revolution.
• Napoleon turned France into a centralized state
  with a constitution.
• Elections were held with expanded, though
  limited, suffrage.
• Many more citizens had rights to property and
  access to education.
• French citizens lost many rights promised to them
  during the Convention.
• On the world stage, Napoleons conquests spread
  the ideas of the revolution and nationalism.

86

• Napoleon failed to make Europe into a French
  empire.
• The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would
  eventually contribute to the creation of a new
  Germany.
• Napoleons decision to sell Frances Louisiana
  Territory to America doubled the size of the
  United States and ushered in an age of American
  expansion.

87
What Were the Goals of the Congress of Vienna?
5

• The chief goal of the Congress was to create a
  lasting peace by establishing a balance of power
  and protecting the system of monarchy.
• To achieve this goal, the peacemakers did the
  following
• They redrew the map of Europe. To contain
  French ambition, they ringed France with strong
  countries.
• They promoted the principle of legitimacy,
  restoring hereditary monarchies that the French
  Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.
• To protect the new order, Austria, Prussia,
  Russia, and Great Britain extended their wartime
  alliance into the postwar era.

88
Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
5
89

• The Columbian Exchange was
• A) the first great banking and trading house in
  South America.
• B) the exchange of precious metals between the
  old and new worlds.
• C) the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases
  between the old and new worlds.
• D) the movement of the army of Simon Bolivar
  across Gran Columbia, exchanging Spanish
  prisoners for valuable weapons he would later use
  to free most of Latin America.

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Correct Answer C

• The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of
  plants, animals, people, and diseases between the
  "old" and "new" worlds. This saw such things as
  potatoes and tobacco introduced to Europe and
  horses, coffee, and small pox introduced to the
  "new world."

91

• Which of these had the GREATEST impact on the
  success of the Northern Renaissance?
• A) funding from wealthy patrons
• B) approval of the Catholic Church
• C) the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo
• D) the discoveries resulting from Columbus voyage

92
Correct Answer A

• The Northern Renaissance would not have been
  possible without funding from wealthy patrons.
  The artists, writers, and philosophers of the day
  would not have had time to "do their thing" had
  people with money not funded them.

93
SSWH16. The student will demonstrate an
understanding of long-term causes of World War I
and its global impact. QCC standards WH19, WH21,
WH22
94
a. Identify the causes of the war include Balkan
nationalism, entangling alliances, andmilitarism.
95
Balkan Nationalism
4

• A complex web of competing interests contributed
  to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans.
• Serbia and Greece had won independence in the
  early 1800s. However, there were still many
  Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under
  Ottoman rule.
• The Ottoman empire was home to other national
  groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians.
• During the 1800s, various subject people staged
  revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up
  their own independent states.
• European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman
  lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various
  Balkan peoples.

96
The Balkans, 1878
4
97
Nationalism and International Rivalries
1

• Aggressive nationalism was one leading cause of
  international tensions.
• Nationalist feelings were strong in both Germany
  and France.
• In Eastern Europe, Pan-Slavism held that all
  Slavic peoples shared a common nationality.
  Russia felt that it had a duty to lead and defend
  all Slavs.

98

• Imperial rivalries divided European nations.
• In 1906 and again in 1911, competition for
  colonies brought France and Germany to the brink
  of war.
• The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the
  glorification of the military.
• The great powers expanded their armies and
  navies, creating an arms race that further
  increased suspicions and made war more likely.

99
Causes and Effects of European Alliances
1

• Distrust led the great powers to sign treaties
  pledging to defend one another.
• These alliances were intended to create powerful
  combinations that no one would dare attack.
• The growth of rival alliance systems increased
  international tensions.

100
European Alliances, 1914
1
101
b. Describe conditions on the war front for
soldiers.
102
The Western Front
3
German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris.
Russia mobilized more quickly than expected.
Germany shifted some troops to the east to
confront Russia, weakening German forces in the
west.
British and French troops defeat Germany in the
Battle of the Marne. The battle of the Marne
pushed back the German offensive and destroyed
Germanys hopes for a quick victory on the
Western Front.
The result was a long, deadly stalemate, a
deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat
the other. Battle lines in France remained almost
unchanged for four years.
103
Europe at War, 19141918
3
104
World War I Technology
3
Modern weapons added greatly to the
destructiveness of the war.
Airplane
A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped
with a machine gun. At first the planes were used
mainly for observation. Later, flying aces
engaged in individual combat, though such
dogfights had little effect on the war.
Automatic machine gun
A mounted gun that fired a rapid, continuous
stream of bullets made it possible for a few
gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This
helped create a stalemate by making it difficult
to advance across no mans land.
Submarine
These underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch
torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. Used by
Germany to destroy Allied shipping, U-boat
attacks helped bring the United States into the
war.
105
How Did the War Become a Global Conflict?
3
EASTERN EUROPE
SOUTHERN EUROPE
In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and
helped crush Serbia.
In August 1914, Russian armies pushed into
eastern Germany. After Russia was defeated in
the battle of Tannenburg, armies in the east
fought on Russian soil.
OUTSIDE EUROPE
THE COLONIES
Japan, allied with Britain, tried to impose a
protectorate on China. The Ottoman empire joined
the Central Powers in 1914. Arab nationalists
revolted against Ottoman rule.
The Allies overran German colonies in Africa and
Asia. The great powers turned to their own
colonies for troops, laborers, and supplies.
106
c. Explain the major decisions made in the
Versailles Treaty include German reparationsand
the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.
107
Campaign to Victory
4
In 1917, The United States declared war on
Germany.
By 1918, about two million American soldiers had
joined the Allies on the Western Front.
The Germans launched a huge offensive, pushing
the Allies back.
The Allies launched a counteroffensive, driving
German forces back across France and Germany.
Germany sought an armistice, or agreement to end
fighting, with the Allies. On November 11, 1918,
the war ended.
108
Wilsons Fourteen Points
4

• President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen
  Points, a list of his terms for resolving World
  War I and future wars. He called for
• freedom of the seas
• free trade
• large-scale reductions of arms
• an end to secret treaties
• self-determination, or the right of people to
  choose their own form of government, for Eastern
  Europe
• the creation of a general association of
  nations to keep the peace in the future

109
The Costs of War
5

• More than 8.5 million people died. Twice that
  number had been wounded.
• Famine threatened many regions.
• Across the European continent, homes, farms,
  factories, roads, and churches had been shelled
  to rubble.
• People everywhere were shaken and disillusioned.
• Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.

110
Casualties of World War I
5
Deaths Wounded in Battle in
Battle Allies France 1,357,800 4,266,000 British
empire 908,371 2,090,212 Russia 1,700,000 4,95
0,000 Italy 462,391 953,886 United
States 50,585 205,690 Others 502,421 342,585 C
entral Powers Germany 1,808,546 4,247,143 Austri
a-Hungary 922,500 3,620,000 Ottoman
empire 325,000 400,000
111
The Paris Peace Conference
5

• The delegates to the Paris Peace Conference faced
  many difficult issues
• The Allied leaders had different aims.
• The Italians insisted that the Allies honor
  their secret agreement to gain Austria-Hungary.
  Such secret agreements violated Wilsons
  principle of self-determination.
• Many people who had been ruled by Russia,
  Austria-Hungary, or the Ottoman empire now
  demanded national states of their own. The
  territories claimed by these people often
  overlapped, so it was impossible to satisfy
  them all.

112
The Treaty of Versailles
5

• The Treaty
• forced Germany to assume full blame for causing
  the war.
• imposed huge reparations upon Germany.
• The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by
• limiting the size of the German military,
• returning Alsace and Lorraine to France,
• removing hundreds of miles of territory from
  Germany,
• stripping Germany of its overseas colonies.
• The Germans signed the treaty because they had no
  choice. But German resentment of the Treaty of
  Versailles would poison the international climate
  for 20 years and lead to an even deadlier world
  war.

113
Europe in 1914 and 1920
5
114
Europe in 1914 and 1920
5
115
Summary World War I
116
World War I Cause and Effect
5
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
Imperialist and economic rivalries among European
powers European alliance system Militarism and
arms race Nationalist tensions in Balkans
Austria-Hungarys annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina Fighting in the Balkans Assassinatio
n of Archduke Francis Ferdinand German invasion
of Belgium
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Enormous cost in lives and money Russian
Revolution Creation of new nations in Eastern
Europe Requirement that Germany pay
reparations German loss of its overseas
colonies Balfour Declaration League of Nations
Economic impact of war debts on Europe Emergence
of United States and Japan as important
powers Growth of nationalism in colonies Rise
of fascism World War II
117
d. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the
collapse of the great empires include
theRomanov and Hapsburg dynasties.
118
Hapsburgs

• Oldest ruling house in Europe
• Conservative government suppresses liberal
  demands
• Growing urban discontent
• Nationalist unrest in a multinational empire
• Military defeats led to growing demands from
  liberals and nationalist
• Arrangement of dual monarchy satisfied
  Hungarians, angered other nationalist

119
SSWH17. The student will be able to identify the
major political and economic factors that shaped
world societies between World War I and World War
II. QCC standards WH19, WH21, WH22
120
b. Determine the causes and results of the
Russian Revolution from the rise of
theBolsheviks under Lenin to Stalins first Five
Year Plan.
121
Why Did Revolution Occur in Russia in March 1917?
1

• Czars had made some reforms, but too few to ease
  the nations tensions.
• Much of the majority peasant population endured
  stark poverty.
• Revolutionaries worked to hatch radical plots.
• World War I was producing disasters on the
  battlefield for the Russian army, and food and
  fuel shortages on the home front.
• Rasputins influence in domestic affairs weakened
  confidence in the government.

122
Why Did Lenin and the Bolsheviks Launch the
November Revolution?
1

• Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian
  conditions. He called for an elite group to lead
  the revolution and set up a dictatorship of the
  proletariat.
• Conditions were ripe for Lenin and the Bolsheviks
  to make their move
• The provisional government continued the war
  effort and failed to deal with land reform.
• In the summer of 1917, the government launched
  a disastrous offensive against Germany.
• The army was in terrible shape and growing
  numbers of troops mutinied.
• Peasants seized land and drove off fearful
  landlords.

123
Russian Civil War
1

• How did the Communists defeat their opponents in
  Russias civil war?
• Lenin quickly made peace with Germany so that
  the Communists could focus all their energy on
  defeating enemies at home.
• The Communists adopted a policy called war
  communism. They took over banks, mines,
  factories, and railroads, took control of
  food produced by peasants, and drafted
  peasant laborers into military or factory
  work.
• Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective
  fighting force.
• When the Allies intervened to support the
  Whites, the Communists appealed to
  nationalism and urged Russians to drive out
  the foreigners.

124
Turning Points in Russia, 19141921
2
1914 August World War I begins. 1917 March
Revolution forces the czar to abdicate.
A provisional government is formed. April L
enin returns to Russia. July Russians
suffer more than 50,000 casualties in battle
against German and Austro-Hungarian
forces. November A second revolution
results in Bolshevik takeover of
government. December Bolshevik government
seeks peace with Germany. 1918 March Russi
a signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk, losing a large
amount of territory. July Civil war
between the Reds and Whites begins. The czar
and his family are executed. August British
, American, Japanese, and other foreign forces
intervene in Russia. 1921 March Communist
government is victorious. Only sporadic fighting
continues.
125
The Communist State Under Lenin
2

• The Communists produced a new constitution that
• set up an elected legislature, later called the
  Supreme Soviet
• gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote
• placed all political power, resources, and means
  of production in the hands of the workers and
  peasants
• The new government united much of the old Russian
  empire in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
  (USSR), or Soviet Union.
• Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy, or NEP.
• It allowed some capitalist ventures.
• The state kept control of banks, foreign trade,
  and large industries. Small businesses were
  allowed to reopen for private profit.

126
Soviet Union, 19171938
2
127
Stalins Five-Year Plans
2
Once in power, Stalin set out to make the Soviet
Union a modern industrial power. He put into
place several five-year plans aimed at building
heavy industry, improving transportation, and
increasing farm output.

• Stalin brought all economic activity under
  government control. The Soviet Union developed
  a command economy, in which government officials
  made all basic economic decisions.
• Stalin also brought agriculture under government
  control. He forced peasants to give up their
  land and live on either state-owned farms or
  collectives, large farms owned and operated by
  peasants as a group.
• Overall, standards of living remained poor.
  Wages were low, and consumer goods were scarce.

128
The Great Purge
2
Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party
leaders were plotting against him. In 1934, he
launched the Great Purge.

• At least four million people were purged during
  the Stalin years.
• The purges increased Stalins power.
• The victims of the purges included most of the
  nations military leadership. This loss of
  military leadership would weigh heavily on Stalin
  in 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

129
Soviet Foreign Policy
2

• Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued
  two very different goals in foreign policy.
• As Communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to
  bring about the worldwide revolution that Marx
  had predicted.
• Lenin formed the Communist International, or
  Comintern, which aided revolutionary groups
  around the world.
• As Russians, they wanted to guarantee their
  nations security by winning the support of other
  countries.
• The Soviet Union sought to join the League of
  Nations.
• The Cominterns propaganda against capitalism
  made western powers highly suspicious of the
  Soviet Union.

130
c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and
Asia by comparing the policies of
BenitoMussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in
Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.
131
What Is Fascism?
3

• In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different
  things in different countries. All forms of
  fascism, however, shared some basic features
• extreme nationalism
• glorification of action, violence, discipline,
  and, above all, blind loyalty to the state
• rejection of Enlightenment faith in reason and
  the concepts of equality and liberty
• rejection of democratic ideas
• pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion
• glorification of warfare as a necessary and
  noble struggle for survival

132
BenitoMussolini in Italy
133
How Did Conditions in Italy Favor the Rise of
Mussolini?
3

• Italian nationalists were outraged by the Paris
  peace treaties.
• Inspired by the revolution in Russia, Italian
  peasants seized land, and workers went on strike
  or seized factories.
• Returning veterans faced unemployment.
• Trade declined and taxes rose.
• The government was split into feuding factions
  and seemed powerless to end the crisis.

134
Mussolinis Italy
3
SOCIAL POLICIES
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
ECONOMIC POLICY
The individual was unimportant except as a member
of the state. Men were urged to be ruthless
warriors. Women were called on to produce more
children. Fascist youth groups toughened
children and taught them to obey strict military
discipline.
Mussolini brought the economy under state
control. Unlike socialists, Mussolini preserved
capitalism. Workers received poor wages and
were forbidden to strike.
By 1925, Mussolini had assumed the title Il Duce,
The Leader. In theory, Italy remained a
parliamentary monarchy. In fact, it became a
dictatorship upheld by terror. The Fascists
relied on secret police and propaganda.
135
Adolf Hitler in Germany
136
The Weimar Republic
4
In 1919, German leaders set up a democratic
government known as the Weimar Republic. The
republic faced severe problems from the start.

• The government was weak because Germany had many
  small parties.
• The government came under constant fire from both
  the left and the right.
• Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar Republic
  for the hated Versailles treaty.
• When Germany fell behind in reparations payments,
  France occupied the coal-rich Ruhr Valley.
• Runaway inflation spread misery and despair.

137
Adolf Hitlers Rise to Power
4
Hitler fought in the German army in World War
I. In 1919, he joined a small group of
right-wing extremists. Within a year, he was the
leader of the National Socialist German Workers,
or Nazi, party. In 1923, he made a failed
attempt to seize power in Munich. He was
imprisoned for treason. In prison, Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf (My Struggle). It would later
become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.
Nazi membership grew to almost a million. In
1933, Hitler was made chancellor of
Germany. Within a year, Hitler was master of
Germany. He made Germany a one-party state and
purged his own party.
138
The Third Reich
4
ECONOMIC POLICIES
POLITICAL POLICIES
Hitler launched a large public works
program. Hitler began to rearm Germany, in
violation of the Versailles treaty.
Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the hated Treaty
of Versailles. Hitler organized a system of
terror, repression, and totalitarian rule.
SOCIAL POLICIES
CULTURAL POLICIES
School courses and textbooks were written to
reflect Nazi racial views. The Nazis sought to
purge, or purify, German culture. Hitler sought
to replace religion with his racial creed.
The Nazis indoctrinated young people with their
ideology. Hitler spread his message of racism.
The Nazis sought to limit womens roles.
139
Hitlers Campaign Against the Jews
4
Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany. In
1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe
restrictions on Jews. Many German Jews fled
Germany and sought refuge in other countries. In
1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities
all over Germany in what came to be called
Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken
Glass. Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to
concentration camps, detention centers for
civilians considered enemies of the
state. Hitler planned the final solutionthe
extermination of all Jews.
140
Hirohito Japan
141

• The Army and the Navy are in command, that
  militarism is lauded to the skies, that
  dangerous thought is suppressed, that there is
  persecution of Socialists and Communists and that
  the political parties have little power. 
• They refer to the assassination of Cabinet
  Ministers by groups of Young Officers in whom
  they see the nucleus of a coming Fascist regime. 

142
e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the
police state that existed in Russia,Germany, and
Italy and how they differ from authoritarian
governments.
143
RUSSIA
144
A Totalitarian State
3

• Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a
  totalitarian state. In this form of government, a
  one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every
  aspect of the lives of its citizens.
• To ensure obedience, Stalin used secret police,
  censorship, violent purges, and terror.
• The party bombarded the public with relentless
  propaganda.
• The Communists replaced religion with their own
  ideology.

145
Changes in Soviet Society
3

• The Communists transformed Russian life.
• They created a society where a few elite groups
  emerged as a new ruling class.
• The state provided free education, free medical
  care, day care for children, inexpensive housing,
  and public recreation.
• Women were granted equality under the law.

146
State Control and the Arts
3

• Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to a
  style called socialist realism. Its goal was to
  boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a
  positive light.
• Government controlled what books were published,
  what music was heard, and which works of art were
  displayed.
• Writers, artists, and composers faced government
  persecution.

147
f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to
World War II in Europe and Asia.
148
How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?
1

• Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive
  action but met only verbal protests and pleas for
  peace from the democracies.
• Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace
  as weakness and responded with new acts of
  aggression.

Hitler built up the German military in defiance
of the Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he
sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland
bordering France another treaty violation.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. The League
of Nations voted sanctions, or penalties, but had
no power to enforce the sanctions.
149
Test Taking Tip 4

• Try to stay awake- Rememeber that this is a timed
  test. There will be time afterwards to sleep.
  Get a good nights sleep the night before, and be
  refreshed for the morning exam.

150

• The period of European history that began at the
  close of the Middle Ages and was characterized by
  a cultural revival is known as the
• A) Reformation.
• B) Renaissance.
• C) Baroque Period.
• D) Classical Period.

151
Correct Answer B

• The Renaissance was the period in Europe that was
  characterized by a radical development in the
  arts, medicine, politics, and sciences. An
  intense development of art and literature is
  associated with this time.

152

• According to the Treaty of Versailles, what
  country was expected to pay for the damages in
  World War I?
• A) Austria-Hungary
• B) France
• C) Germany
• D) Russia

153
Correct Answer C

• Germany was blamed for the war and all the
  damage. In the long run, this led to massive
  resentment by the German people and was a major
  cause of World War II.

154
The Spanish Civil War
1

• Although the Spanish Civil War was a local
  struggle, it drew other European powers into the
  fighting.
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to
  help Franco.
• Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet
  Union, and the western democracies joined the
  International Brigade and fought alongside the
  Loyalists against fascism.
• By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he
  created a fascist dictatorship like those of
  Hitler and Mussolini.

155
German Aggression
1
In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and
Germany in the Anschluss. The western democracies
took no action. Hitler annexed the Sudetenland,
a region in western Czechoslovakia. At the
Munich Conference, British and French leaders
again chose appeasement. In 1939, Hitler
claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia. The
democracies realized that appeasement had failed.
They promised to protect Poland, most likely
Hitlers next target. Hitler formed a
Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with
Stalin. German forces invaded Poland. Britain
and France immediately declared war on Germany.
156
Aggression in Europe to 1939
1
157
Why War Came
1

• Historians see the war as an effort to revise the
  1919 peace settlement. The Versailles treaty had
  divided the world into two camps.
• The western democracies might have been able to
  stop Hitler. Unwilling to risk war, however, they
  adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the
  demands of an aggressor in hope of keeping the
  peace.

158
SSWH18. The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the global political,economic,
and social impact of World War II. QCC standards
WH21, WH22, WH25
159
a. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes
include Pearl Harbor and D-Day.
160
Early Axis Gains
2
By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies
controlled most of Western Europe.
Germany and Russia conquered and divided
Poland. Stalins armies pushed into Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania. Soviet forces seized
Finland. Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.
Hitler took the Netherlands and
Belgium. France surrendered to Hitler. Axis
armies pushed into North Africa and the
Balkans. Axis armies defeated Greece and
Yugoslavia. Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis
alliance.
161
The Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
2
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
OPERATION BARBAROSSA

• In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa,
  the conquest of the Soviet Union.
• The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were
  stalled before they could take Moscow and
  Leningrad.
• Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in
  Russias winter.
• Russians also suffered appalling hardships.
• Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in
  Western Europe.

• In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the
  invasion of Britain.
• The Germans first bombed military targets, then
  changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of
  London and other cities.
• London did not break under the blitz. The bombing
  only strengthened British resolve to turn back
  the enemy.
• Operation Sea Lion was a failure.

162
G