WORLD HISTORY II

1
WORLD HISTORY II

• SOL REVIEW

2
World Religions

• Judaism
• Concentrated in Europe and Middle East in 1500
• Now concentrated in US and Israel
• Monotheistic- one God
• 10 Commandment- rules of moral conduct
• Torah Holy writings
• Holy city-Jerusalem

• Christianity
• Concentrated in Europe and Middle East in 1500
• Now North and South America and Europe
• Monotheistic
• Jesus is Son of God
• Life after death
• New Testament- Life and teachings of Jesus
• Christian doctrine established by early church
  councils
• Holy city Jerusalem and Bethlehem

3
World Religions

• Islam
• Concentrated in Western Asia, Africa and Southern
  Europe in 1500
• Now in Middle East, Africa and Asia
• Monotheistic
• Muhammed is the prophet
• Koran is holy book
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are holy cities

• Buddhism
• Concentrated in East and Southeast Asia in 1500
• Now East and Southeast Asia
• Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) founder
• Four Noble Truths
• Eightfold path to enlightenment
• Spread from India to China and other parts of
  Asia Asokas missionaries and their writings

4
World Religions

• Hinduism
• Concentrated in India in 1500 and now
• Many forms of one deity (god)
• Caste system
• Reincarnation
• Karma- Future reincarnation based on present
  behavior

5
Renaissance

• Rebirth of Classical Knowledge (ancient Greece
  and Rome)
• Birth of the Modern World
• Humanism- belief in the abilities of people
• Secularism- concern for nonreligious subjects
• Began in Italy and spread to Northern Europe
• Contributions
• Art- Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
• Literature- Shakepeare
• Intellectual ideas- Erasmus

6
Regional Trade in 1500

• Traditional patterns of trade in 1500
• Silk roads across Asia (China)to the
  Mediterranean (Italian city states)
• Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean
• Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
• Northern European links with the Black Sea
• Western European sea and river trade
• South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia

7
Why was trade important?

• Exchange of products and ideas
• China- Paper, compass, silk, porcelain
• India and Middle East- Textiles, numeral system
• Exchange in science from contact with the Muslims
  in the Middle East
• Medicine
• Astronomy
• Mathematics

8
Now Lets take a break and see how much you
remember?
9
The Reformation

• What problems and issues caused the Reformation?
• Merchant wealth challenged the Churchs view of
  usury (charging interest for loaning money)
• German and English kings disliked Italian control
  of the Church
• The Church had a great deal of political power
  and wealth- Popes interfered in the politics of
  other countries
• Corruption in the church
• Sale of indulgences (certificate purchased for
  the forgiveness of sins

10
The First Protestant Reformer

• Martin Luther
• Was angered by sale of indulgences
• Wrote the 95 Theses which outlined his
  disagreements with the Church
• When he refused to take them back he was
  excommunicated and he formed his own church, the
  Lutheran Church, the first protestant church.
• Views
• Salvation by faith alone
• Bible was the ultimate authority
• All humans equal before God

11
Other Protestant Reformers

• John Calvin (Calvinist Tradition)
• Predestination- those who were saved was chosen
  by God at birth
• Faith revealed by living a righteous life
• Working and being successful showed you were
  chosen by God

12

• King Henry VIII (the Anglican Tradition)
• Wanted a divorce but Pope refused to give him one
• Established himself as the head of the national
  church in England
• Appropriated (took) the land and wealth of the
  Church in England
• Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

13
Reformation in Germany

• Princes in Northern Germany converted to
  protestantism
• The Hapsburg family and princes in the South
  continued to support the Pope and Church
• Thirty Years War- conflict between the
  Protestants of the North and the Catholics of the
  south

14
Reformation In England

• Anglican Church became the national church
  throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I
• The Reformation contributed to the rise of
  capitalism (private ownership of business with
  the goal of making a profit)

15
Reformation in France

• Catholic monarchy granted French Protestants,
  Hugenots, freedom of worship by the Edict of
  Nantes (later revoked)
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the
  Thirty Years War from religious to political in
  an attempt to increase the power of France.

16
Catholic Counter Reformation

• Series of reforms by the Church designed to stop
  the spread of Protestantism and reassert the
  Churchs authority
• Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded to act as
  missionaries and teachers
• Inquisition established as a church court to try
  and punish heretics (those who went against the
  chuch)

17
Role of the Printing Press

• Gutenberg invented a printing press with
  moveable type
• Books became more available and less expensive
• Growth of literacy
• Bible of printed in English, French, and German
• Important in spreading the ideas of the
  Reformation and Renaissance

18
Results of the Reformation

• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism
• Growth of religious toleration

19
Factors contributing to the Age of Discovery

• Gold
• Demand for gold, spices and natural resources in
  Europe

• Glory
• -Political and economic competition between
  European empires

• God
• -Desire to spread Christianity

20

• Improvements in navigation
• Caravel new type of ship
• Compass
• Astrolabe

• Contribution of Prince Henry the Navigator of
  Portugal
• Established a school for navigators, sailors and
  mapmakers
• Financed early voyages of exploration

21
Major explorers

• Portugal- Vasco da Gama
• Spain
• Christopher Columbus (discovered the New World)
• Hernando Cortez (defeated the Aztecs)
• Franciso Pizarro (defeated the Incas)
• Ferdinand Magellan (1st to circumnavigate the
  globe-sail around the world)

22
More explorers

• England
• Sir Francis Drake

• France
• -Jacques Cartier

23
Results of the Age of Exploration

• Diffusion of Christianity
• Migration of colonists to new lands
• Conversion of indigenous (native) people

• Expansion of overseas territorial claims and
  European emigration to North and South America

• Indigenous people were killed and enslaved
• Rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin
  America
• Forced migration of some Africans into slavery
• Colonies imitated the culture and society of
  mother countries

24
Columbian Exchange

• Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as
  corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European
  lifestyles
• European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles
  of American Indians
• European diseases like smallpox killed many
  American Indians

25
Results of trade

• Africa
• European trading posts along the coast
• Trade in slaves, gold and other products

• Asia
• -Colonization by small groups of Merchants
• -India, the Indies and China
• -Portugese, Dutch and British set up trading
  companies

26
Impact of the Columbian Exchange

• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the
  use of African slaves
• Slavery was based on race
• European plantation system in the Caribbean and
  the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and
  damaged the environment

27

• Triangular Trade
• Linked Europe, Africa and the Americas.
• Slaves, sugar and rum were traded
• Most slaves came from coast of West Africa
• Middle Passage was the voyage of slaves across
  the Atlantic Ocean

• Export of precious metals
• Gold and silver were exported to Europe and Asia
• Incas and Aztecs and other natives were used as
  slave labor in mines
• Increase in supplies of gold and silver led to
  inflation in Spain

28
Ottoman Empire

• Located in Asia Minor
• Expanded
• Southwest Asia, Southeastern Europe, Balkan
  Peninsula, North Africa

• Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul
• Islamic religion as a unifying force that
  accepted other religions
• Trade in coffee and ceramics

29
Mughal Empire

• Located in North India
• Spread Islam into India
• Building of the Taj Mahal
• Influence of the Indian textiles on the British
  textile industry
• Europeans established coastal ports in India to
  compete for trade

30

• China
• Creation of foreign enclaves to control
  trade-foreigners were restricted to certain
  cities
• Emperor controlled foreign influence and trade
• Increase in European demand for Chinese goods
  such as tea and porcelain

• Japan
• Characterized by powerless emporor ruled by
  shogun (military leader)
• Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign
  influences

31
Commercial Revolution

• Mercantilism
• Economic practice adopted by European colonial
  powers in an effort to became self-sufficient
• Based on the theory that colonies existed for the
  benefit of the mother country
• Competition for overseas markets, colonies and
  resources

32
Commercial Revolution

• New economic system emerged
• New money and banking system were created
• Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved
• Colonial economies were limited by the economic
  needs of the mother country

33
Stand Up and Stretch! Lets see how much you
remember.
34
The Scientific Revolution

• Pioneers
• Copernicus-developed heliocentric theory
• Kepler- discovered planetary motion
• Galileo- used telescope to support heliocentric
  theory
• Newton-discovered laws of gravity
• Harvey-discovered circulation of the blood

35
Scientific Revolution

• Importance
• emphasis on reason and systematic observation of
  nature
• Formulation of the scientific method
• Expansion of scientific knowledge

36
Absolute Monarchies

• Characteristics of absolute monarchies
• centralization of power
• concept of rule by divine right

37

• Absolute monarchs
• Louis XIV-France
• Frederick the Great-emphasized army in Prussia
• Peter the Great-wanted to westernize Russia

38
Development of the rights of Englishmen as a
result of the English Civil War

• Struggle between Roundheads (Puritans) and
  Cavaliers (supporters of the king)
• Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector and King
  Charles I was executed.
• The monarch was restored by Charles II.

39

• Glorious Revolution
• William and Mary took over the throne to prevent
  a Catholic from becoming King

These events increased the power of the
parliament over the King. Englishmens rights
were protected by the English bill of Rights of
1689
40
The Enlightenment

• Applied reason to the human world, not just the
  natural world
• stimulated religious toleration
• Fueled democratic revolution around the world

41
Enlightenment Thinkers

• Thomas Hobbes
• Leviathan
• The state must have central authority to manage
  behavior

• John Locke
• Two Treatises on Government
• People are sovereign monarchs are not Chosen by
  God
• People have Natural rights

42

• Montesquieu
• Spirit of the Laws
• The Best form of government includes a separation
  of powers- Judicial, legislative and executive

• Jean Jacque Rousseau
• The Social Contract
• Government is a contract between rulers and the
  people.

• Voltaire
• Religious toleration and separation of Church and
  State

43
Enlightenment Artists, philosophers and writers

• Bach, Mozart- composers
• Eugene Delacroix-painter
• Voltaire-philosopher
• Cervantes- Novelist, DonQuixote
• Paintings depicted classical subjects, public
  events, natural scenes, and living people
  (portraits)
• New forms of Literature-novel

44
Improvement of Technology

• All weather roads improved year round
  transportation and trade
• New designs in farm tools increased productivity
  (agricultural revolution)
• Improvement in ship design lowered cost of
  transportation

45
Influence of the Enlightenment

• Political philosophies of the Enlightenment
  fueled revolution in the Americas and France
• Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence
  incorporated Lockes ideas
• The Constitution of the US incorporated ideas of
  separation of powers.

46
French Revolution

• Causes
• Influence of Enlightenment Ideas
• Influence of the American Revolution
• Events of the French Revolution
• Storming of the Bastille -seen as the beginning
  of the Revolution
• Reign of Terror

47
French Revolution

• Results
• End of absolute monarchy
• Rise of Napoleon
• unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French
  domination
• awakened feelings of national pride and growth of
  Nationalism

48
Influence of American and French Revolution

• Independence movements came to French, Spanish
  and Portuguese colonies
• Toussaint LOuverture-Haiti
• Simon Bolivar- South America

49
Congress of Vienna

• Restored Monarchies after the defeat of Napoleon.
• Wanted to maintain a balance of Power
• stimulated the growth of nationalism
• new political philosophies
• liberalism- government should change
• conservativism- no change

50
Unification of Italy

• Count Cavour unified Northern Italy
• Garibaldi joined Southern Italy to northern Italy
• The Papal States (including Rome) were last to
  join Italy

51
Unification of Germany

• Bismarck-Leader of Prussia
• Philosophy was Realpolitik-do what ever is
  necessary to achieve and hold power.
• Franco-Prussian War lead to creation of Germany

52
Now lets review very quickly

• Answer these questions using your flip cards

53
Industrial Revolution

• Began in England (resources available)
• invention and improvement of the steam engine
  (James Watt)
• Spread to Europe and US
• Important to Textile, steel and iron industries
• Enclosure movement provided labor supply

54

• Factory system
• Technological advancements
• Eli Whitney-cotton gin
• Bessemer- process to make steel
• Jenner -small pox vaccine
• Pasteur-discovered bacteria

55
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

• Population increase
• increased standard of living for many
• improved transportation
• urbanization
• environmental pollution
• increased education
• dissatisfaction of the working class with working
  conditions
• Growth of middle class

56
Political philosophies

• Capitalism
• Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations
• Market competition
• no government interference in economy
• Laissez-faire

• Socialism and communism
• Karl Marx s Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
• Response of injustices of capitalism
• redistribution of wealth

57
Imperialism

• Industrial revolution motivated Europeans to
  compete for colonies to provide raw materials and
  markets for manufactured goods.
• Invention of the cotton gin led to an increased
  demand for African Slaves in the southern US
• Colonized people responded with armed conflicts
  (Boxer Rebellion in China) and independence
  movements

58
Forms of imperialism

• Colonies- South Africa, Congo
• Protectorates-Egypt (Suez Canal)
• spheres of influence- China

59
World War I

• Causes
• M ilitarism
• A lliances
• I mperialism
• N ationalism

• Important people
• Woodrow Wilson-president of the US
• Kaiser Wilhelm II-ruler of Germany
• Nicholas II- Russian Tsar overthrown
• Lenin- leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in
  Russia

60
Major events of World War II

• Assassination of Austrias Archduke Ferdinand
• United States enters the war
• Russia leaves the war after the Bolsheviks take
  over
• Treaty of Versailles ended the war
• Germany blamed and made to pay reparations

61
Outcomes of World War I

• Colonies demanded independence
• End of Russian, Ottoman, German and
  Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Enormous cost of lives, property and social
  disruption
• League of Nations established but US did not
  join- was not effective
• Great Britain and France given mandates in Middle
  East

62
Great Depression-1930s

• Causes
• German reparations
• Dominance of US in global economy
• High protective tariffs
• expansion of credit
• Stock Market Crash

• Impact
• High unemployment
• Bank failures and collapse of credit
• Collapse of prices in world trade
• Growth of Fascist parties in Germany and Italy

63
Totalitarian Governments of the 1930s

• Soviet Union-USSR
• Joseph Stalin
• 5 year plans to speed industrialization
• Collectivization of farms
• Great Purge

• Italy
• Benito Mussolini
• Fascist party
• Restore the glory of Rome
• invasion of Ethiopia

64
Totalitarian Governments

• Japan
• Hirohito- emperor
• Hideki Tojo- military leader
• military took control of the government
• wanted to industrialize
• desire for raw materials caused invasion of China
  and Korea

• Germany
• Adolf Hitler( Mein Kempf) and the Nazi (National
  Socialist ) party
• Inflation and depression
• Anti Semitism
• Extreme nationalism
• targeted communist and Jews- blamed for loss of
  WWI

65
World War II (1939-1946)

• Aggression by totalitarian powers
• Nationalism
• Failure of Treaty of Versailles
• Weakness of League of Nations
• Appeasement
• Europe and US were isolationist and pacifist-
  wanted to prevent war

66
World War II

• Major events of War
• German invasion of Poland
• Fall of France
• Battle of Britain
• German invasion of Soviet Union
• Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
• D-Day
• Atomic bomb dropped on Japan

• Major leaders
• Franklin Roosevelt-US President
• Harry Truman- President after death of FDR
• Eisenhower, MacArthur and Marshall- US Generals
• Winston Churchill- British Prime Minister

67
Holocaust

• Genocide
• Hitlers attempt to eliminate the Jews based on
  his ideas of the Germans as a master race.
• Final Solution-concentration camps, extermination
  camps, gas chambers
• 6 million Jews killed
• other targets-Poles, Slavic people, Jehovah
  witnesses, Homosexuals, disabled

68
Other examples of genocide

• Armenian genocide by Turks of the Ottoman Empire
  after WWI
• Peasants, political opponents in the Soviet Union
  under Stalin
• The educated, artists, monks and minorities by
  Pol Pot in Cambodia
• Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda
• Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs in Yugoslavia

69
Outcomes of WWII

• European powers loss of empires
• 2 major powers- US and USSR
• War crimes trials in Nuremburg and Japan
• Division of Europe- Iron Curtain- allies of US
  and allies of USSr
• United Nations established
• Marshall plan to rebuild Europe
• Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact

70
Reconstruction of Germany

• Democratic government installed in West Germany
• Germany and Berlin divided by Allies

• Reconstruction of Japan
• US Occupation under MacArthur
• Democracy and economic development
• elimination of Offensive capabilities
• dominant economic in Asia

71
Cold War (1945-48)

• Yalta Conference
• Soviet control of Eastern Europe
• Rivalry between US and USSR
• Democracy and Free enterprise vs. dictatorship
  and communism
• President Truman and the policy of containment
  (prevent the expansion of communism)

72
Cold War (1948 -1989)

• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
• Berlin and the Berlin Wall
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence

73
Important people

• Chiang kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leader of
  nationalist China
• Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) leader of communist
  China
• Ho Chi Minh- Leader of communists in Vietnam

74
Independence movements

• India
• elimination of British rule
• led by Gandhi- civil disobedience and passive
  resistance
• country divided along religious lines- Pakistan
  (Muslim) and India (Hindu)
• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka became
  independent

75
African Independence

• Right to self determination given by UN charter
• Peaceful and violent revolutions
• pride in African culture and heritage
• resentment of imperialist rule
• Great Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal lost
  colonies

76
African Independence

• West Africa- peaceful transition
• Algeria- War for independence from France
• Kenya (British)- Violent struggle under
  leadership of Kenyatta
• South Africa- Black South Africans struggle
  against Apartheid

77
Middle East

• French Mandates given independence
• Syria
• Lebanon

• British mandates given independence
• Jordan
• Palestine (part became Israel- homeland for Jews

Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by
religious difference
78
Other ethnic religious conflicts

• Northern Ireland
• Balkans (former Yugoslavia)

79
Collapse of Communism

• Soviet economic collapse
• Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries
• Tearing down Berlin Wall
• Breakup of USSR
• Expansion of NATO

80
One last review!!!!