Animals = invertebrates and vertebrates (95% of all animals are invertebrates)

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• Animals invertebrates and vertebrates (95
  of all animals are invertebrates)

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Animal Characteristics

• The bodies of animals are multicellular. It is
  responsible for the enormous variety of animals.
• All animals are heterotrophs.
• Most animals reproduce sexually, and some can
  also reproduce asexually.

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• In all but the simplest
  animals, there is a
  division
  of labor among
  cells called cell
  specialization. (This
  
  aids internal body
  organization.)
• Most animals can move about their
  environment.

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One or Two Houses

• Monoecious (One House) hermaphroditic
  animals both male and female sex organs
• Dioecious (Two Houses) separate sexes

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Body Symmetry

• None Sponge
• (asymmetrical)
• Radial similar parts branch in all directions.
  -Hydra, Jellyfish,

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• Pentaradial

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• Bilateral, two similar halves in either side of a
  central plane of symmetry moth, primates etc.
  Bilaterally symmetrical

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Animals tend to exhibit cephalization.

• Cephalization concentration of sensory and
  brain structures in the anterior end (a
  cephalized animal has a head). The more complex
  an animal the more pronounced the degree of
  cephalization.
• It is an advantage because a more complex animal
  can respond to an environment more quickly.

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Germ Layers- (p 683 684)

• As a result of gastrulation, three primary layers
  form (Fundamental tissue types found in embryos
  of all animals except sponges which have no true
  tissues)
• Endoderm inner layer
• Mesoderm middle layer
• Ectoderm outer layer

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• endoderm inner layer - The archenteron,
  surrounded by endoderm forms the throat passage,
  gills, lungs and gut and associated organs such
  as pancreas, and liver. (lines digestive tract
  much of respiratory system.)

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• ectoderm outer layer forms skin, hair, nails,
  and nervous system

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• mesoderm which forms between the other layers,
  forms skeleton, muscles, inner layer of skin,
  circulatory system, and lining of the body cavity
  (also reproductive system excretory system).

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Deuterostomes Protostomes

• Deuterostomes second mouth radial
  cleavage of developing embryo, blastopore
  (indentation of the blastula) becomes the anus,
  second opening becomes the mouth. (examples -
  echinoderms such as star fish, chordates and
  vertebrates as well)

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• Protostomes first mouth spiral cleavage of
  developing embryo, blastopore becomes the mouth,
  second opening becomes the anus (occurs in most
  animal phyla).

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Animals Body Cavities (pg 686)

• acoelomate no body cavity example flatworms

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• pseudocoelomate false body cavity mesoderm
  lines an endodermic gut suspended in a fluid
  filled coelom cavity.

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• coelomate true body cavity - An endodermic gut
  is surrounded supported by a body cavity of
  mesoderm. The mesoderm forms tissues or
  attachments for organs located in the true body
  cavity, such as the liver, lungs, etc.

Mollusks, arthropods, chordates, echinoderms
are coelomate animals.
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• coelom
• a) a true hollow, fluid-filled cavity
  completely surrounded by mesoderm.
• b) The muscles of the body wall are separated
  from those of the gut.
• c) The body walls can contract without
  hindering t movement of food in the gut
  (digestive tract).