Essentials of Human Anatomy The Skeletal System 4

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Essentials of Human Anatomy The Skeletal
System 4
Joints of the Skeletal System
Dr Fadel Naim Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine IUG
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Joints of the Skeletal System

• Articulations
• Functional junctions between bones
• Bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape
  during childbirth
• Enable body to move in response to skeletal
  muscle contraction

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Naming of Joints

• Usually derived from the names of the
  articulating bones.

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Classification of Joints

• Fibrous Joints
• dense connective tissues connect bones
• between bones in close contact

• synarthrotic
• immovable
• amphiarthrotic
• slightly movable
• diarthrotic
• freely movable

• Cartilaginous Joints
• hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect bones

• Synovial Joints
• most complex
• allow free movement

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Fibrous Joints

• 3 Types
• Syndesmosis
• Suture
• Gomphosis

• Syndesmosis
• a sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connects
  bones
• amphiarthrotic
• lies between tibia and fibula

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Fibrous Joints

• Suture
• between flat bones
• synarthrotic
• thin layer of connective tissue connects bones

• Gomphosis
• cone-shaped bony process in a socket
• tooth in jawbone
• synarthrotic

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Cartilaginous Joints

• 2 Types
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

• Synchondrosis
• bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones
• epiphyseal plate (temporary)
• between manubrium and first rib
• synarthrotic

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Symphysis
• pad of fibrocartilage between bones
• pubis symphysis
• joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
• amphiarthrotic

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

• Basic features
• articular capsule
• joint cavity
• synovial fluid
• articular cartilage
• ligaments
• nerves
• blood vessels

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints Accessory
Structures

• Bursae
• fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial
  fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane
• Fatpads
• often distributed along the periphery of a
  synovial joint
• act as packing material and provide some
  protection for the joint
• fill the spaces that form when bones move and the
  joint cavity changes shape
• Tendons
• attaches a muscle to a bone
• help stabilize joints

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Classified by the shapes of their articulating
  surfaces
• Types of movement they allow
• uniaxial if the bone moves in just one plane
• biaxial if the bone moves in two planes
• multiaxial (or triaxial) if the bone moves in
  multiple planes

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Types of Synovial Joints

• From least movable to most freely movable, the
  six specific types of synovial joints are
• planar (gliding) joints
• hinge joints
• pivot joints
• condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
• saddle joints
• ball-and-socket joints

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• hip
• shoulder

• Condyloid Joint
• between metacarpals and phalanges

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Hinge Joint
• elbow
• between phalanges

• Gliding Joint
• between carpals
• between tarsals

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Pivot Joint
• between proximal ends of radius and ulna

• Saddle Joint
• between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

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Types of Synovial Joints
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Mobility and Stability in Joints

• Motion permitted ranges from none to various
  extensive motions.
• Structure determines both its mobility and its
  stability.
• more mobile less stable

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Types of Joint Movements

• abduction/adduction
• dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
• flexion/extension/hyperextension

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Types of Joint Movements

• rotation/circumduction
• supination/pronation

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Types of Joint Movements

• eversion/inversion
• protraction/retraction
• elevation/depression

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Shoulder Joint

• ball-and-socket
• head of humerus
• glenoid cavity of scapula
• loose joint capsule
• bursae
• ligaments prevent displacement
• very wide range of movement

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Shoulder Joint
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Elbow Joint

• hinge joint
• trochlea of humerus
• trochlear notch of ulna
• gliding joint
• capitulum of humerus
• head of radius
• flexion and extension
• many reinforcing ligaments
• stable joint

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Elbow Joint
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Hip Joint

• ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur
• acetabulum of coxa
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing ligaments
• less freedom of movement than shoulder joint

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Hip Joint
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Knee Joint

• largest joint
• most complex
• medial and lateral condyles of distal end of
  femur
• medial and lateral condyles of proximal end of
  tibia
• femur articulates anteriorly with patella
• modified hinge joint
• flexion/extension/little rotation
• strengthened by many ligaments and tendons
• menisci separate femur and tibia
• bursae

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Knee Joint
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Life-Span Changes

• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
• Fibrous joints first to change can strengthen
  over a lifetime
• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column
  diminish flexibility and decrease height
• Synovial joints lose elasticity
• Disuse hampers the blood supply
• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional
  longer

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Cycle of Life Articulations

• Bone development and the sequence of ossification
  between birth and skeletal maturity affect joints
• Fontanels between cranial bones disappear
• Epiphysial plates ossify at maturity
• Older adults
• ROM decreases
• Changes in gait occur
• Skeletal diseases manifest as joint problems
• Abnormal bone growth (lipping)influences joint
  motion
• Disease conditions can be associated with
  specific developmental periods

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Clinical Application
Joint Disorders

• Sprains
• damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons
  associated with joints
• forceful twisting of joint

• Bursitis
• inflammation of a bursa
• overuse of a joint

• Tendonitis
• An inflammation of the tendon
• Caused by excessive use.

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Arthritis

• A group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases
  of joints that occur in various forms.
• swelling of the joint
• pain
• stiffness
• Most prevalent crippling disease in the United
  States.
• gouty arthritis
• osteoarthritis A condition which results when
  the articular cartilage is enlarged or as
  deteriorated this results is a decrease in the
  range of movement of the joint.
• rheumatoid arthritis An inflammation of a joint
  which is the result of an autoimmune disease

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THE END