Chapter 3 Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures

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Chapter 3Atmospheric Energy and Global
Temperatures

• Elemental Geosystems 4e

Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen
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Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures

• Energy Essentials  
• Energy at Earths Surface  
• Temperature Concepts and Controls  
• Earths Temperature Patterns 
• The Urban Environment

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Energy Essentials 

• Energy Pathways and Principles 
• Shortwave energy in from the Sun
• Longwave energy out from Earth

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Insolation
Figure 3.2
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Energy Pathways
Figure 3.1
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Energy Pathways

• Transmission
• Scattering
• Refraction
• Albedo and Reflection

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Refraction
Figure 3.4
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Refraction
Figure 3.3
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Albedo and Reflection
Figure 3.5
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Clouds and Albedo
Figure 3.6
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Heat Transfer

• Conduction
• Molecule-to-molecule transfer
• Convection
• Energy transferred by movement
• Advection
• Horizontally dominant movement
• Radiation
• Energy traveling through air or space

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Heat Transfer
Figure 3.7
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Energy Balance in the Troposphere  

• The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming  
• Clouds and Earths Greenhouse  
• EarthAtmosphere Radiation Balance  

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The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming

• Atmosphere absorbs heat energy
• A real greenhouse traps heat inside
• Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth
  into space

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Clouds and Earths Greenhouse
Figure 3.8
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Outgoing Shortwave Energy
Figure 3.9
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Outgoing Longwave Energy
Figure 3.9
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EarthAtmosphere Radiation Budget
Figure 3.10
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Energy Balance at Earths Surface

• Daily Radiation Patterns  
• Simplified Surface Energy Balance  
• The Urban Environment

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Daily Radiation Patterns
Figure 3.12
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Simplified Surface Energy Balance

• NET R
• SW (insolation)
• SW (reflection)
• LW (infrared)
• LW (infrared)

Figure 3.13
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Temperature Concepts and Controls

• Temperature Scales
• Measuring Temperature 
• Principal Temperature Controls  
• LandWater Heating Differences

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Temperature Scales   

• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin 

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Temperature Scales
Figure 3.15
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Principal Temperature Controls  

• Latitude  
• Affects insolation
• Altitude  
• High altitude has greater daily range
• High altitude has lower annual average
• Cloud Cover  
• High albedo
• Moderate temperatures cooler days, warmer nights

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Effects of Latitude
Figure 3.17
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Altitude
Figure 3.18
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LandWater Heating Differences 

• Evaporation
• Transparency
• Specific heat
• Movement
• Ocean currents and sea surface temperatures
• Marine vs. continental effects

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LandWater Heating Differences  
Figure 3.20
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The GulfStream
Figure 3.21
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Marine and Continental Climates
Figure 3.23
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Marine and Continental Climates
Figure 3.25
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Earths Temperature Patterns

• January Temperature Map  
• Thermal equator movement southward
• More movement over large continents
• July Temperature Map  
• Thermal equator movement northward
• More movement over large continents
• Annual Range of Temperatures
• Continentality

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January Temperatures
Figure 3.24
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July Temperatures
Figure 3.26
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Global Temperature Ranges
Figure 3.28
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The Urban Environment
Figure 3.29
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Urban Heat Island
Figure 3.30
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Air Temperature and the Human Body

• Wind chill
• Correlates cold and wind speed
• Heat index
• Correlates heat and humidity

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Wind Chill Table
Figure 1
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Heat Index Table
Figure 2
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End of Chapter 3

• Elemental Geosystems 4e

Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen