Life Span Development

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Life Span Development
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Prenatal and Childhood Development
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The Beginnings of Life Prenatal Development
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Prenatal Development

• Prenatal defined as before birth
• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with
  the birth of the child.

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Zygote

• A newly fertilized egg
• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell
  division.
• Attaches to the mothers uterine wall
• At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo

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Prenatal Development
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Embryo

• Developing human from about 14 days until the end
  of the eight week
• Most of the major organs are formed during this
  time.
• At the end of the eight week the fetal period
  begins.

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Fetal Period

• The period between the beginning of the ninth
  week until birth

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Placenta

• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the
  fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that
  could harm the fetus

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Teratogens

• Substances that pass through the placentas
  screen and prevent the fetus from developing
  normally
• Includes radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses,
  drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

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Smoking and Birth Weight
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities
  in children due to their mother drinking large
  amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

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The Beginnings of Life The Newborn
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Rooting Reflex

• Infants tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
  move their face in the direction of the touch and
  open their mouth
• Is an automatic, unlearned response
• Child is looking for nourishment.

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Temperament

• A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
  and intensity
• A child might be
• An easy or difficult baby
• Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
  through a persons life.

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
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Infant, Toddler, Child

• Infant First year
• Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
• Child Span between toddler and teen

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
The Developing Brain
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Neural Development
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Maturation

• Biological growth processes that enable orderly
  changes in behavior

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
Motor Development
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Motor Development

• Includes all physical skills and muscular
  coordination

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Motor Development
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Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Piagets Cognitive Stages
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Cognition

• All the mental activities associated with
  thinking, knowing, and remembering
• Children think differently than adults do

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Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)

• Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage
  theory of cognitive development
• Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of
  cognitive development

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Schemas

• Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to
  organize and interpret information
• Sometimes called schemes
• A persons picture of the world

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Assimilation

• Interpreting a new experience within the context
  of ones existing schemas
• The new experience is similar to other previous
  experiences

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Accommodation

• Interpreting a new experience by adapting or
  changing ones existing schemas
• The new experience is so novel the persons
  schemata must be changed to accommodate it

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Assimilation/Accommodation
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Assimilation/Accommodation
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Assimilation/Accommodation
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Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor Stage

• Piagets first stage of cognitive development
• From birth to about age two
• Child gathers information about the world through
  senses and motor functions
• Child learns object permanence

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Object Permanence

• The awareness that things continue to exist even
  when they cannot be sensed
• Out of sight, out of mind

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Preoperational Stage

• Piagets second stage of cognitive development
• From about age 2 to age 6 or 7
• Children can understand language but not logic

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Egocentrism

• The childs inability to take another persons
  point of view
• Includes a childs inability to understand that
  symbols can represent other objects

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Concrete Operational Stage

• Piagets third stage of cognitive development
• From about age 7 to 11
• Child learns to think logically and understands
  conservation

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Conservation

• An understanding that certain properties remain
  constant despite changes in their form
• The properties can include mass, volume, and
  numbers.

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Conservation
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Conservation
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Conservation
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Types of Conservation Tasks
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Formal Operational Stage

• Piagets fourth and last stage of cognitive
  development
• Child can think logically and in the abstract
• About age 12 on up
• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if.
  problems)

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Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Assessing Piaget
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Assessing Piagets Theory

• Piaget underestimated the childs ability at
  various ages.
• Piagets theory doesnt take into account culture
  and social differences.

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Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
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Stranger Anxiety

• The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8
  months of age

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Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
Attachment
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Attachment

• An emotional tie with another person resulting in
  seeking closeness
• Children develop strong attachments to their
  parents and caregivers.
• Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all
  contribute to attachment.

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Harry Harlow

• Did research with infant monkeys on how body
  contact relates to attachment
• The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother
  or a wire mother that provided food.

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Harry Harlow

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
  mother.

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Harry Harlow
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Harlows Study
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Familiarity

• Sense of contentment with that which is already
  known
• Infants are familiar with their parents and
  caregivers.

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Imprinting and Critical Period

• A process by which certain animals, early in
  life, form attachments
• The imprinted behavior develops within a critical
  period--an optimal period when the organisms
  exposure to certain stimuli produce the imprinted
  behavior.
• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.

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Konrad Lorenz

• Studied imprinted behaviors
• Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
  moving object they see.

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Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
Parenting Patterns
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Responsiveness

• Responsive parents are aware of what their
  children are doing.
• Unresponsive parents ignore their
  children--helping only when they want to.

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Securely or Insecurely Attached

• Securely attached children will explore their
  environment when primary caregiver is present
• Insecurely attached children will appear
  distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will
  cling to them when they return

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Attachment
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Effects of Attachment

• Secure attachment predicts social competence.
• Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
  outcome.
• A responsive environment helps most infants
  recover from attachment disruption.

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Parental Patterns

• Daumrinds three main parenting styles
• Authoritarian parenting
• Permissive parenting
• Authoritative parenting

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Authoritarian Parenting

• Low in warmth
• Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
• Communication high from parent to child and low
  from child to parent
• Maturity expectations are high.

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Permissive Parenting

• High in warmth but rarely discipline
• Communication is low from parent to child but
  high from child to parent.
• Expectations of maturity are low.

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Authoritative Parenting

• High in warmth with moderate discipline
• High in communication and negotiating
• Parents set and explain rules.
• Maturity expectations are moderate.

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Parenting Styles
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Three Key Developmental Issues
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Continuity and Stages

• How much of behavior is continuous and how much
  follows a more stage like development?

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Types of Growth Patterns
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Stability and Change

• What developmental traits remain stable over
  time, and which change?

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Nature and Nurture

• How much of our behavior is due to nature and how
  much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in development?

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Adolescence
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What is Adolescence?
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Adolescence

• The period between childhood and adulthood
• From puberty (the start of sexual maturation) to
  independence from parents

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Physical Development in Adolescence
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Puberty

• The period of sexual maturation where the person
  becomes capable of reproducing
• Starts at approximately age 11 in females and age
  13 in males
• Major growth spurt

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Physical Development
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Primary Sex Characteristics

• The body structures that make sexual reproduction
  possible
• Ovaries in females
• Testes in males

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

• Nonreproductive sexual characteristics
• Breasts and hips in females
• Facial hair and voice changes in males

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Sexual Characteristics
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Sexual Orientation

• Ones attraction toward people of a particular
  gender
• Usually heterosexual or homosexual small
  minority bisexual

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Heterosexual

• A sexual orientation in which a person is
  attracted to members of the opposite sex
• straight

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Homosexual

• A sexual orientation in which a person is
  attracted to members of the same sex
• Approximately 3-4 of the male population and
  1-2 of the female population

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Cognitive Development Reasoning
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Formal Operational Stage

• Piagets fourth and final stage of cognitive
  development
• The person can think logically, hypothetically,
  and in the abstract
• Qualitative change over the thinking of a child

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Cognitive Development in Adolescence Morality
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Lawrence Kohlberg

• Author of a three-stage theory on how moral
  reasoning develops

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1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning

• Characterized by the desire to avoid punishment
  or gain reward
• Typically children under the age of 9

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2. Conventional Moral Reasoning

• Primary concern is to fit in and play the role of
  a good citizen
• People have a strong desire to follow the rules
  and laws.
• Typical of most adults

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3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning

• Characterized by references to universal ethical
  principles that represent the rights or
  obligations of all people
• Most adults do not reach this level.

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Kohlbergs Moral Ladder

• As moral development progresses, the focus of
  concern moves from the self to the wider social
  world.

Morality of abstract principles to
affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical
principles
Postconventional level
Conventional level
Morality of law and social rules to
gain approval or avoid disapproval
Preconventional level
Morality of self-interest to avoid punishment or
gain concrete rewards
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Social Development in Adolescence
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Erik Erikson

• Constructed an 8-stage theory of social
  development
• Each stage has its own psychosocial,
  developmental task.

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Social Development in Adolescence Developing
Identity
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Identity

• A strong, consistent sense of who and what a
  person is
• Identity search includes the following
  characteristics
• Experimentation
• Rebellion
• Self-ishness
• Optimism and energy

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Social Development in Adolescence Developing
Intimacy
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Intimacy

• A close, sharing, emotional, and honest
  relationship with other people
• To Erikson this is the primary task of early
  adulthood
• Not necessarily ones spouse or a sexual
  relationship

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Social Development in Adolescence Independence
from Family
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Three Key Developmental Issues
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1. Continuity and Stages

• How much of behavior is continuous and how much
  follows a more stage like development?

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Types of Growth Patterns
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2. Stability and Change

• Which developmental traits remain stable over
  time, and which change?

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3. Nature and Nurture

• How much of our behavior is due to nature and how
  much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in development?

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Adulthood and Aging
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Early Adulthood Transitions and the Social Clock
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Social Clock

• The culturally (societys) preferred timing of
  social events such as marriage, parenthood, and
  retirement
• The best timing for certain life events
• The timing varies from culture to culture.

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Emerging Adulthood

• Developmental period between adolescence and
  adulthood

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Physical Changes and Transitions Middle
Adulthoods Physical Changes
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Menopause

• The time of natural cessation of menstruation
• Referred to as the biological changes a woman
  experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
• Usually occurs between age 45 and 55
• Does not usually lead to depression

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Physical Changes and Transitions Later
Adulthoods Physical Changes
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Physical Changes Vision
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Physical Changes Sense of Smell
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Physical Changes Hearing
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Physical Changes Hearing
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Physical Changes and Transitions Diseases
Related to Aging
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Alzheimers Disease

• A progressive and irreversible brain disorder
  characterized by gradual deterioration of memory,
  reasoning, language, and physical functioning

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Senile Dementia

• The mental disintegration that accompanies
  alcoholism, tumor, stroke, aging, or Alzheimer's
  disease

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Senile Dementia
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Cognitive Changes and Transitions Memory
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Aging and Memory
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Cognitive Changes and Transitions Intelligence
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Fluid Intelligence

• Ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
• Can be used to solve novel logic problems
• Declines as people get older

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Crystallized Intelligence

• Ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
• Tends to increase with age

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Age and Verbal/Nonverbal Intelligence
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Social Changes and Transitions Lifes
Commitments
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Erik Erikson

• Constructed an 8-stage theory of social
  development
• Each stage has its own psychosocial developmental
  task.
• The last 4 stages deal with Adolescence through
  late adulthood.

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Generativity

• Eriksons term for being productive and
  supporting future generations

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Commitment to Work

• Most high school/college students arent sure of
  their career goals.
• Happiness seems to be correlated with work that
  is challenging, provides a sense of
  accomplishment, and is interesting.

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Commitment to Love

• An important factor in adult happiness
• Lasting love includes
• Intimate self-disclosure
• Shared emotional and material support
• Similar interests and values

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Commitment to Marriage

• 90 of the population gets married
• 50 divorce rate
• 75 of those who have divorced remarry

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Commitment to Children

• Children result in a change in the marital
  relationship
• Potential disagreement on the division of labor
  with children

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Empty Nest

• The change married couples go through as a result
  of their children leaving home
• Not necessarily a negative event for couples

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A Lifetime of Well-Being
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Overall Life Satisfaction

• Most studies show the elderly as happy and
  satisfied with life.
• People tend to mellow with age.
• Most regrets focus on what the person didnt do
  rather than mistakes they have made in life.

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Overall Life Satisfaction
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Death and Dying
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Reactions to Death

• Reactions to death are different from culture to
  culture.
• Attitudes toward death and dying are changing in
  the United States. --more
  openness
  --facing death with dignity hospice helps