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Chapter Two: Life Span Development

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Title: Chapter Two: Life Span Development


1
Chapter TwoLife Span Development
  • Module Four
  • Prenatal and Childhood Development

2
The Beginnings of LifePrenatal Development
  • Prenatal defined as before birth
  • Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with
    the birth of the child.
  • Zygote
  • A newly fertilized egg
  • The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell
    division.
  • Attaches to the mothers uterine wall
  • At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo

3
Prenatal Development
4
Embryo and Fetus
  • Developing human from about 14 days until the end
    of the eighth week
  • Most of the major organs are formed during this
    time.
  • At the end of the eight week the fetal period
    begins.
  • Fetal Period
  • The period between the beginning of the ninth
    week until birth

5
Prenatal Development 45 Days
6
Prenatal Development 2 months
7
Placenta
  • A cushion of cells in the mother by which the
    fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
  • Acts as a filter to screen out substances that
    could harm the fetus

8
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9
Teratogens
  • Substances that pass through the placentas
    screen and prevent the fetus from developing
    normally
  • Includes radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses,
    drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

10
Cleft Palates caused by teratogensScientists
have investigated seasonal causes (such as
pesticide exposure) maternal diet and vitamin
intake retinoids, (vitamin A family)
anticonvulsant drugs alcohol cigarette use
nitrate compounds organic solvents parental
exposure to lead and illegal drugs (cocaine,
crack cocaine, heroin, etc.) as teratogens.
11
Some examples
  • Smoking
  • Abnormal fetus heartbeat, premature birth,
    misscarraige.
  • Alcohol
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome physical and mental
    deformities, brain damage.
  • STDs
  • Mental retardation, blindness.

12
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13
Smoking and Birth Weight
14
Assignment
  • Outline your feelings on abortion, we will
    be discussing/debating this at a later date.
  • 1st part
  • When would you say life begins and why?
  • 2nd part
  • Describe what abortion is and the issues it
    causes in society (pro-life, pro-choice)
  • 3rd part
  • What is your stance on this hot issue and why?

15
The Beginnings of LifeThe Newborn
16
Crazy Reflexes!!!
  • Can do different things at different times
  • Hold up head, roll over, crawl, stand while
    holding on, walk while holding on, walk, run,
    etc.
  • Rooting Reflex
  • Infants tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
    move their face in the direction of the touch and
    open their mouth
  • Is an automatic, unlearned response
  • Child is looking for nourishment.

17
Temperament
  • A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
    and intensity
  • A child might be
  • An easy or difficult baby
  • Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
    through a persons life.

18
Registering Emotional Faces at 3 Months
  • https//www.youtube.com/watch?v4o-VplYrqBs
  • Understanding complex issues at a young age
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?v84DLT4yRcy4

19
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
  • Infant First year
  • Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
  • Child Span between toddler and teen
  • Maturation
  • Biological growth processes that enable orderly
    changes in behavior.

20
The Developing Brain Neural Development
21
  • Motor
  • Development
  • Includes all physical skills and muscular
    coordination.

22
  • Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
    Piagets Cognitive Stages
  • Cognition
  • All the mental activities associated with
    thinking, knowing, and remembering
  • Children think differently than adults do

23
Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)
  • Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage
    theory of cognitive development
  • Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of
    cognitive development

24
Schemas
  • Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to
    organize and interpret information
  • Sometimes called schemes
  • A persons picture of the world
  • Ex how does a hungry child get food?

25
Accommodation Assimilation
  • Adapting ones current understandings to
    incorporate new info
  • The new experience is so novel the persons
    schemata must be changed to accommodate it
  • Interpreting ones new experiences in terms of
    ones existing schemas
  • The new experience is similar to other
    previous experiences

26
Assimilation/Accommodation
27
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development1
Sensorimotor Stage
  • Piagets first stage of cognitive development
  • From birth to about age two
  • Child gathers information about the world through
    senses and motor functions
  • By looking, touching, feeling, tasting, etc.
  • Child learns object permanence

28
Object Permanence
  • The awareness that things continue to exist even
    when they cannot be sensed
  • Out of sight, out of mind

29
2 Preoperational ConservationStage
  • Piagets second stage of cognitive development
  • From about age 2 to age 6 or 7
  • Children can understand language but not
    logic
  • An understanding that certain proprieties remain
    constant despite changes in their form.
  • The properties can include mass, volume, and
    numbers.

30
Conservation
31
Types of Conservation Tasks
32
3. Concrete Egocentrism
Operational Stage
  • Piagets third stage of cognitive development
  • From about age 7 to 11
  • Child learns to think logically and
    understands conservation
  • The childs inability to take another persons
    point of view.
  • Includes a childs inability to understand that
    symbols can represent other objects.

33
4 Formal Operational Stage
  • Piagets fourth and last stage of cognitive
    development
  • Child can think logically and in the abstract
  • About age 12 on up
  • Can solve hypothetical problems (What if.
    problems)

34
Assessing Piagets Theory
  • Piaget underestimated the childs ability at
    various ages.
  • Piagets theory doesnt take into account culture
    and social differences.
  • Only studied his children.

35
Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
  • Stranger Anxiety
  • The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8
    months of age

36
Attachment
  • An emotional tie with another person resulting in
    seeking closeness
  • Children develop strong attachments to their
    parents and caregivers.
  • 3 forms
  • Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness
    all contribute to attachment.

37
Body Contact Harry Harlow
  • Researched infant monkeys.
  • Will they like the soft mommy or the wire mommy
    with the food?
  • The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
    mother.

https//www.youtube.com/watch?vhsA5Sec6dAI
38
Harry Harlow
39
Harlows Study
40
Familiarity
  • Sense of contentment with that which is already
    known
  • Infants are familiar with their parents and
    caregivers.

41
Imprinting and Critical Period
  • A process by which certain animals, early in
    life, form attachments
  • The imprinted behavior develops within a critical
    period
  • An optimal period when the organisms exposure to
    certain stimuli produce the imprinted behavior.
  • Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.
  • What happens when baby goslings are born?
  • Who do they follow?
  • Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
    moving object they see.

42
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
https//www.youtube.com/watch?v2UIU9XH-mUI
43
Attachment cont.
  • Responsiveness
  • Responsive parents are aware of what their
    children are doing.
  • Unresponsive parents ignore their
    children--helping only when they want to.
  • Securely or Insecurely Attached
  • Securely attached children will explore their
    environment when primary caregiver is present
  • Insecurely attached children will appear
    distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will
    cling to them when they return

44
Attachment
45
Effects of Attachment
  • Secure attachment predicts social competence.
  • Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
    outcome.
  • A responsive environment helps most infants
    recover from attachment disruption.

46
Parental Patterns
  • Daumrinds three main parenting styles
  • Authoritarian parenting
  • Permissive parenting
  • Authoritative parenting
  • Authoritarian Parenting
  • Low in warmth
  • Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
  • Communication high from parent to child and low
    from child to parent
  • Maturity expectations are high.

47
Permissive Authoritative Parenting Parenting
  • High in warmth but rarely discipline
  • Communication is low from parent to child but
    high from child to parent.
  • Expectations of maturity are low.
  • High in warmth with moderate discipline
  • High in communication and negotiating
  • Parents set and explain rules.
  • Maturity expectations are moderate.

48
Parenting Styles
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