Yours, Mine, and Ours: The State of Pacific Marine Resources

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Yours, Mine, and Ours The State of Pacific
Marine Resources Steve Palumbi San
Francisco, 2006
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In 1887, Stanfords first President David Starr
Jordan published a summary of The Fisheries of
the Pacific Coast
Catch was about 180 million lbs Annual value was
7.5 million 60 fish 27 marine mammal 17,000
people were employed
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By 2004, National Marine Fisheries Service
records indicate catch has gone up 30 times and
value 200 times
Catch was about 6.9 billion pounds Annual value
was 1.7 billion 60 fish 0 marine mammal 40
invertebrates
But there have been major shifts in modern
fisheries
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Pounds of fish and invertebrates landed declined
in California
Data from NMFS
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Step increase in Alaskan landings
Data from NMFS
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Major shift Most value in inverts, except Alaska
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Major shift to multiple species
In California, 27 species have annual value 1/2
million 11 inverts 86 million 16 fin fish 45
million
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Major shift to haphazard ocean zoning
Fishing districts around Humboldt Bay, CA
5 km
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Haphazard area management Hidden zones in the
oceans
Effort management often contains a zoning
component
Type Regs with Spatial Component CA
Ocean sport 321 226 70 CA
Commercial 173 97 56 de facto ocean
zones 323
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Major shift marketing is by species cluster
Example Pacific Red Snapper
There is no such thing
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DNA testing shows that Pacific red snapper is
Ocean Perch Widow rockfish Black and yellow
rockfish Canary rockfish Gopher rockfish Black
Rockfish Tilapia An occasional Caribbean red
snapper
Data from Palumbi et al. in prep.
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DNA testing shows that Pacific red snapper is
Ocean Perch Widdow rockfish Black and yellow
rockfish Canary rockfish Gopher rockfish Black
Rockfish Tilapia An occasional Caribbean red
snapper
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Use conflicts in Monterey Bay
Squid purse seines Spot prawns traps Rockfish,
halibut trawls Salmon troll Kelp hand harvest
Also diving, whale watching, sailing, kayaking,
sport fishing
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Use conflicts in Monterey Bay
Squid purse seines Spot prawns traps Rockfish,
halibut trawls Salmon troll Kelp hand harvest
Also diving, whale watching, sailing, kayaking,
sport fishing
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Fishing is an ecosystem/multi-user business - not
a single species business
Summary of major shifts
New importance of invertebrates Increase in
number of species Haphazard zoning has
developed Cluster marketing lumps
species Recreation economically outstrips
commercial fishing Increased conflict over
multiple uses
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Conclusion Access and rights-based fisheries
solutions must include ecosystem solutions and
alternative uses, not just single species
fisheries solutions.
Approach Managing all the species in an area for
multiple uses, rather than single species for
commercial fishing.
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Eco-system based management
Managing for multiple uses
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EBM lesson 1 Manage for diversity
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Diversity is beneficial to marine ecosystems
experimentally increasing diversity increases
production and resilience
Worm et al. submitted
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Diversity is beneficial to marine ecosystems
high diversity estuarine ecosystems collapse more
slowly
Worm et al. submitted
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High diversity ecosystems around the world are
more resistant to fishery collapse
Current collapsed species
Cumulative collapsed species
From Worm et al ms.
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One ecosystem diversity tool Marine reserves
increase diversity, productivity, variability and
tourism Year to year variability declines
Worm et al. submitted
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Reserves restore ecological wiring
(Lafferty and Kushner, 2000)
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Long term yield from Philippine marine reserves
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Reserves vs. the top ten mutual funds
1 5 10
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1 5 10
The intrinsic productivity of the oceans can be a
very good long term investment
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EBM lesson 2 pay attention to economics
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What is the impact of the Channel Islands on
major local fisheries?
Habitat use by squid fishers
Geography of use and scale of reserves are well
matched
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Simple expectations for MPA impact and recovery
Rapid decline when MPAs decrease fishing
opportunity
Fisheries yield
Diversity and biomass
MPAs begin
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Simple expectations for MPA impact and recovery
Fisheries yield
Population recovery spills over to fishery
Diversity and biomass
Economic costs of MPAs shrink
MPAs begin
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Simple expectations for MPA impact and recovery
Channel Islands MPAs are at this stage - what are
the initial costs?
Fisheries yield
Diversity and biomass
MPAs begin
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No decline in annual value of 7 fisheries in
the Channel Islands before and after reserves.
Value in million of
Before Reserves
After Reserves
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The heyday of Cannery Row.
EBM lesson 3 Economic diversity is important too
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A single industry economy is vulnerable
Sardine landings in Monterey Bay (tons)
Canneries shuttered
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A single-industry economy can collapse to cause
severe hardship
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Ecosystem-based management addresses the
evolution of modern fisheries
New importance of invertebrates Increase in
number of species Haphazard zoning has
developed Cluster marketing lumps
species Recreation economically outstrips
commercial fishing Increased conflict over
multiple uses
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Future needs
Understand the economic ecosystem Understand the
role of ecological diversity on economic
stability Foster demonstration projects - e.g CA
MLPA Provide negotiation pathways among competing
ocean users
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Future of ecosystem-based management in
California Multi-use protected areas implemented
by the Marine Life Protection Act
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Competing proposals use the same size, spacing
and replication guidelines to place MPAs across a
mosaic environment
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Diversity of MLPA Area management types
Reserves - no take Pelagic fishing in deep water
only Pelagic fishing in shallow water No trawl
zones Recreational fishing only
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Diversity of MLPA stakeholders and industries
Recreational fishing Commerical
fishing Diving Beach use Tourism Conservation