BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN VIETNAM-LINKS WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Nguyen Huy Dung Vu Van Dung Forest Inventory and Planning Institute

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BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN VIETNAM-LINKS
WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Nguyen Huy Dung Vu
Van Dung Forest Inventory and Planning Institute
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Biodiversity in Vietnam(1) Richness in
ecosystems i) Wetland ecosystemWetland
ecosystem classified into 39 types, including -
Natural wetland ecosystem 30 types - Coastal
wetland ecosystem 11 types - Inland wetland
ecosystem 19 types - Artificial wetland
ecosystem 9 types
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ii) Marine ecosystem - There are 20
typical ecosystem types, - There are
approximately 11,000 species in sea - Habitat
composition of ecosystem is rich with complicated
structure and diverse species. Iii) Forest
ecosystem - Forest ecosystem is very rich some
typical ecosystem limestone forest, deciduous
forest and semi- deciduous forest, montage,
medium, and high mountain evergreen forests etc.
with high biodiversity values and importance in
biodiversity conservation.
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Table 1- Changes in forest area and forest
coverage at different periods of time
Year Forest area(1000 ha) Forest area(1000 ha) Forest area(1000 ha) Forest coverage () Ha/ capita
Year Total natural forest plantation forest Forest coverage () Ha/ capita
1943 14,300.0 14,300.0 0 43.2 0.57
1976 11,169.3 11,169.7 92.6 33.7 0.31
1980 10,683.0 10,180.0 422.3 32.1 0.19
1985 9,891.9 9,308.3 583.6 30.0 0.14
1990 9,175.6 8,430.7 744.9 27.8 0.12
1995 9,302.2 8,252.5 1,049.7 28.2 0.12
2000 10,915.6 9,444.2 1,491.4 33.2 0.14
2002 11,784.6 9,865.0 1,919.6 35.8 0.14
2003 12,095.0 10,005.0 2,090.0 36.1 0.14
2004 12,306.9 10,088.3 2,218.6 36.7 0.15
2005 12,616.7 10,283.2 2,333.5 37.0 0.15
Source Forest Inventory and Planning Institute
and Forest Protection Department
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During the period of
1992-2004, Vietnamese scientists, in
collaboration with some international
organizations, discovered 7 new mammal species,
and 2 bird species for science.- Sao la
Pseudoryx nghetinhensis- Mang l?n Megamuntiacus
vuquangensis- Bò s?ng xo?n Pseudonovibos
spiralis- Mang tru?ng son Canimuntiacus
truongsonensis- Mang Pù ho?t Muntiacus
puhoatensis- C?y Tây nguyên Viverra
taynguyenensis- Vooc xám Pygathrix cinereus-
Th? v?n Isolagus timminsis- Khu?i Ng?c linh
Garrulax ngoclinhensis- Khu?i d?u den
Actinodora sodangonum As for flora species,
during the period of 1993 2003, 13 branches,
222 species and 30 taxon under species have been
discovered and described for science, etc.
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2. Current status of biodiversity conservation in
Vietnam2.1. in-situ conservation
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Other conservation types - 5
national biosphere reserves acknowledge by
UNESCO Can Gio reserve (Hochiminh city), Cat
Tien reserve (Dong Nai, Lam Dong and Binh Phuoc),
Cat Ba reserve (Hai Phong city), Red River
coastal reserve (Nam Dinh and Thai Binh) and
Kieng Giang Biosphere reserve.- 2 world natural
hesitages Ha Long bay (Quang Ninh) and Phong Nha
Ke Bang (Quang Binh)- 4 Asean natural
hesitage Ba Be NP (Bac Can), Hoang Lien NP (Lao
Cai), Chu Mom Ray NP ( Kon Tum) and Kon Ka Kinh
NP ( Gia Lai)- 2 Ramsar area Xuan Thuy NP,
(Nam Dinh) and Cat Tien NP.
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Some remaining issues in in-situ
conservation? In the systems of reserves, there
are many reserves small in size and poor in
linkage with one another so that conservation
activities in wider areas are limited.?
Boundaries between reserves are not clearly
demarcated in the sites so that there still are
invasion and violation activities in those
areas.? Budgets for conservation are limited
and mainly depend on the State budget so that
reserves under local management receive very
limited budgets for conservation. There are no
specific policies on socializing conservation
activities.? Some policies on conservation are
insufficient, such as investment policy, policy
on managing buffer zone, etc. ? Some categories
in the Vietnams classification system do not
match with IUCNs classification system. ?
Management at the moment mainly focus on restrict
protection and does not link with advanced
conservation perception as conservation should go
along with development.
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2.2. Ex- situ conservationi) Forests
for experienmental and scientific researches-
Forest for experienmental practices including
botanical gardens, collection gardens of forest
plant species and forest plots with forest gene
pool sources.- There are 17 forests for
experienmental practices with total area of 8,516
ha. - Some typical forests for experienmental
practices Trang Bo timber forest (Thong Nhat
district, Dong Nai province) including 155
species, 55 families and 17 bamboo species, Sai
Gon zoo with more than 100 flora species etc.
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ii) Medicinal plant gardens ?
Vietnam has up to 3,800 medicinal plant species
of about 270 plant species (Lã Ðình M?i, 2001).
? Out of 848 medicinal plant species that are
decided to be conserved, there are only 120
species and sub-species conserved. ? Some
existing medicinal plant gardens- Medicinal
plant Conservation Station in Sa Pa 63 species,
conserved at altitude of 1,500m.- Medicinal
plant conservation station in Tam Dao 175
species, conserved at altitude of 900m.-
Medicinal plant conservation station in Van Dien
(Hà N?i) - 294 species.- Garden in Hanoi
Pharmacy University - 134 species.- Garden in
Army Medical Institute - 95 species.- Seedling
Center in Da Lat 88 species, conserved at
altitude of 1,500 m.- Vietnams ginseng Center
6 species etc.
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iii) Seed banks? At the moment,
there are 04 agencies in Vietnamese agriculture
that have cool preservation storehouses Vietnam
Agricultural Science and Technology Institute,
the Southern Agricultural Science and Technology
Institute, Can Tho University and Crop and Food
Institute. ? National Seed gene bank is
storing and preserving 14,300 varieties of 115
species, including 3 gene banks - Seed
bank12,500 varieties of 83 seed bearing
species. - Field gene bank 1,720
varieties of 32 asexual species. - In
vitro genetic bank 102 taro and Indian taro
varieties.
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Remaining issues of ex-situ
conservation in Vietnam ? There is lack of
overall and detailed planning. ? Collection
has not focused on endangered and valuable
species, etc. ? Training for ex-situ
conservation staff is limited. ? Specific
ex-situ conservation policies are not available,
especially for socialization of conservation.
? Investment for ex-situ conservation has not yet
been considered, etc.
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3. conservation and sustainable
development 3.1. Sustainable development ?
Sustainable development is the development that
meet current requirements but not obstruct the
satisfaction of next generations requirements.
? Sustainable development is a process
combining 03 aspects of the development in a
close, appropriate and harmonious manner,
including Economic development focusing on
economic growth and stability in economic growth
Social development to make social progress,
social equality, hunger elimination and povery
reduction, job generation, etc. Environment
protection treating and overcoming poluttion,
controlling and fighting against fire and
deforestation, appropriate exploitation,
economical use of natural resources, etc.
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3.2. Impacts of protected areas on
sustainable development ? Conservation
supports the development of the communities and
hunger elimination and povery reduction. ?
Provision and regulation of water resources.?
Contribution for agricultural development. ?
Aquacultural development? Tourism development?
Enviroment protection protected areas are pools
to absorb CO2 effectively to contribute to
reduction of greenhouse effects, etc.
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4. conservation and climate change4.1.
Climate change - Climate change is the change
that are resulted directly or indirectly from
human activites that change greenhouse emission
concentration in the air, increase greenhouse
effects and make climate change in the global
scale.- Climate change due to green house gas
emissions resulted from human activities has
increasingly gone up. - Climate change will
change some factors as follows Increase in
the earth temperature Sea level rise
Partial desertization or desertization in a wide
scale. Change in hydrographic cycle Change
in climate patterns, e.g. rain, sun, flood, wind,
storm, etc.
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4.2. Impacts of climate change on
biodiversity conservation - Some species will go
to extinct, some others will be listed in IUCN
Red Book, especially very endangered or
endangered species can survive in a specific
location.- Ecosystems and habitats that are
essential for migratory species, endangered
species with narrow living areas and endemic
species will disappear or be reduced in a number
ecosystems.- Ecosystems are disturbed and
fragmented- Some landscape reserves are of
socio-economic, cultural and scientific
importance will disappear or be narrowed down.-
Invasion of exotic species the change in living
environment creates sufficient conditions for
exotic plant and animal species to occupy and
develop.
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4.3. Impacts of systems of protected
areas on climate change- Protected areas are
pools to absorb huge amount of CO2 effectively to
contribute to reduction of GHGs effects, one
thing that results in climate change.- Reduce
consequences of flood, prevent soil erosion,
protect production and basic infrastructure.-
Limit partial desertization or desertization on a
large scale. - Contribute to regulate climate
in the region as well as in the larger scale,
etc.
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4.4. Solutions for biodiversity
conservation in the context of climate change-
To improve and concretize policies on
biodiversity conservation to be executed. - To
set up detailed policies to attract all social
strata to participate in biodiversity
conservation.- To establish rescued areas to
protect species that are in danger of extinction
due to climate change.- To have detailed
programs to raise awareness and improve knowledge
on biodiversity conservation for communities and
different industries and levels.- To strengthen
international co-operation on biodiversity
conservation and climate change in the globe etc.
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Conclusion? Conservation of
biodiversity resources is attached closely to
socio-economic development of every country as
well as to mitigation of impacts of climate
change. ? Specific policies, as a basis for
conservation and mobilization of different social
strata involved in biodiversity conservation, are
needed. ? Cooperation among Governments,
international organizations, scientists,
enterprises, communities, etc. should be
intensified in order to ensure that development
processes will not be harmful for conservation
activities and in return conservation activities
will support better for development processes.
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• Xin c?m on- Thank you