Jefferson to Jackson

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Jefferson to Jackson

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Title: Jefferson to Jackson

1
Jefferson to Jackson

1796-1834

2
The Frontier

Spain fighting in the war against France.
Spanish met with Thomas Pinckney - worried about
newly reconciled Britain and US.
Pinckneys Treaty (The Treaty of San Lorenzo),
1795.
Agreed to boundary between the US and Louisiana.
Opened up the Mississippi to American ships.
Granted the right to store US exports in New
Orleans.
Allowed to carry out commercial transactions in
the city.
Benefited 100,000 in Kentucky (admitted 1792) and
Tennessee (1796), and several thousand in Ohio.

3
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4

Life on frontier insecure.
Washington eager to clear Ohio Valley of Indians.
Many wealthy planters including Washington -
owned thousands of acres.
In 1790, Washington sent a force to defeat the
Miami and the Shawnee it failed (twice).
In August 1794, General Mad Anthony Wayne
finally defeated them near present-day Toledo.
The victory over the Shawnee and Miami would have
benefited Washington on the frontier but he also
dispatched a force against farmers in Western
Pennsylvania to collect a tax on whiskey.

People on the frontier drank a lot.
Rye whiskey - considered medicinal cheap.
Whiskey also a cash crop.
Westerners could not ship their grain until the
Mississippi River was opened up for American
trade in 1795 (via the Ohio that runs into the
Mississippi).
The cost of transporting grain across the
Appalachians was prohibitive.
Shipping liquor was far more profitable and a
small profit could be made.

Hamilton instituted an excise tax 7 cents on
the gallon in 1791.
profit wiped out by the tax the Pennsylvania
farmers rioted The Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington and Hamilton asserted the new
authority of the government.
Washington headed 15,000 troops to suppress the
rebellion.
Hamilton arrested a number of men who were
sentenced to death for treason.
An army larger than the one that had defeated the
British was sent out to crush a few farmers.
The event allowed the Federalists to assert state
authority but it also assured that when
political parties became full-blown entities the
people of the western frontier would not be
Federalists.

Summer of 1796 - when Washington announced he
would step down - two parties existed in all but
name.
The Federalists supported Hamiltons financial
policies, feared the French revolution, were
friendly to England and accepted John Jays
treaty.
Federalists were Hamilton, Jay, Adams and
Washington and the urban rich.
Jefferson Republicans opposed Hamiltons fiscal
policies, they liked the ideals of the French
Revolution, they were suspicious of England, they
despised Jays treaty, they tended to be rural
and they disliked the idea of a too powerful a
central government.

8
Election of 1796

Thomas Jefferson was the Republican candidate for
president in 1796.
Officially, Vice President John Adams of
Massachusetts was the Federalists candidate.
Diplomat Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina was
the Federalists vice-presidential candidate.
Hamilton supported Pinckney for president.

In 1796 electors did not vote separately for
president and vice-president.
Each elector wrote two names on his ballot.
The Candidate with the largest number of votes
won, the candidate with the second largest vote
became vice-president.
Nine states empowered their legislatures to
select members of the electoral college - popular
elections were held in only six states.
Hamilton persuaded Federalist politicians in the
south to cast one of their votes for Pinckney.

The other vote was to go to some other candidate
not Adams.
Adams supporters in New England withheld votes
from Pinckney.
Adams won the election and Jefferson came in
second.
If Adams had died in office, his chief political
rival would take over.

11
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
12
John Adams

Adams was a moderate at heart, but could also be
intolerant and angry.
Franklin described Adams as always honest and
often great.
Adams sought advice from his wife Abigail on
everything.
Did not have the support of Hamilton, and so had
only half a party behind him.

He did not inherit Washingtons cabinet.
Adams occupied with the threat of war with
France.
Angered by Americas treaty with Britain Jays
Treaty the French started seizing American
ships.
Hamiltons supporters the high Federalists
demanded war with France.
Adams sent John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to
Paris to negotiate.

The diplomats were shunned by French foreign
minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand.
Talleyrand sent three henchmen - X,Y,Z, - that
the minister would talk to the Americans if they
agreed to
loan France 12 million.
with a gift of 250,000 to Talleyrand.

America declined.
Federalists urged Adams to put an army together
led by Washington and Hamilton.
Adams feared a military coup from such an
arrangement so he decided to build a navy.
Adams ordered the construction of 40 frigates and
smaller warships a major jump from the three
naval vessels inherited from Washington.

16
Alien and Sedition Acts

Jeffersons Republicans remained pro-French-
Supporters were Irish immigrants.
Adams administration passed the Alien and
Sedition Acts of 1798.
The Alien Act
Extended the period of residence required for
American citizenship from 5 to 14 years.
Allowed the president to deport any foreigner
whom he deemed dangerous to the peace and safety
of the United States.
Gave the government authority to move against
enemy aliens at home.
The Acts were due to expire in 1801, at the end
of Adams term.

Sedition Act
Stiff fines and prison sentences for persons who
published statements that held the United States
government in contempt or disrepute.
Twenty-five cases were brought to trail ten
were convicted.
Federalists convicted four important Republican
newspaper editors.

Jefferson and James Madison believed that
Congress had violated the Bill of Rights.
But who was to declare when Congress had acted
unconstitutionally?
The answer Jefferson and Madison gave would
contribute to the Civil War of 1861-1865.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Adopted in the legislatures of those states in
1798 and 1799
The federal government was a voluntary compact of
sovereign states.

Congress, therefore, was the creation of the
states.
When Congress enacted a law that a state deemed
unconstitutional, that state had the right to
nullify the law within its boundaries.
Acting on this principle, the Virginia and
Kentucky resolutions declared that the Alien and
Sedition Acts did not apply in those states.
The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions challenged
the supremacy of the federal government which the
Constitution was written to establish.

No other state enacted the resolutions.
The death of Washington in December 1799 briefly
calmed political tempers.
The Alien and Sedition Acts actually harmed the
Federalists and improved the chances of a
Republican victory.

21
The Election of 1800

Election marked by electoral college confusion.
Jeffersons 73 to Adams 65.
Political alignment in New York to the Jefferson
Republican column.
New York the third biggest prize in presidential
elections with 19 electoral votes.
The win for the Republicans was orchestrated by
Hamiltons rival and political equal Aaron
Burr.

Burr was the Republican vice-presidential
candidate.
Plan for Burr to receive one less vote than
Jefferson botched - 73 Republican electors
voted for Jefferson and Burr so they tied.
The Constitution provided (and still does) that
when no candidate wins a majority of votes in the
electoral college, the House of Representatives,
voting by state, not by individuals, chooses the
President.

In 1800, this gave the Federalists the balance of
power.
The votes of nine states were required for
election.
The Republicans who voted for Jefferson
controlled only eight state delegations in the
House.
When the first ballot was taken, Jefferson
received eight votes to Burrs six.
Two states were evenly divided.

In 1800, this gave the Federalists the balance of
power.
The votes of nine states were required for
election.
The Republicans, who dutifully voted for
Jefferson controlled only eight state delegations
in the House.
When the first ballot was taken, Jefferson
received eight votes to Burrs six.
Two states were evenly divided.

The Federalists voted mainly for Burr, some
because they believed Jefferson was a dangerous
radical.
After 35 deadlocked votes, a Delaware Federalist,
James A. Bayard said he would change his vote to
Jefferson - he didnt need to.
Hamilton extracted vague promises from Jefferson
to continue Hamiltons fiscal policy and
Federalist foreign policy.
Hamilton pressured a few Federalist Congressmen
to abstain from voting.
Jefferson was elected on the 36th ballot on
February 17, 1801.

The election of 1796 showed that party
politicians were willing to manipulate the
electoral process to serve factional ends.
The election of 1800 demonstrated that parties
were permanent fixtures of the American political
process.
This meant that the original procedure for
electing the president was no longer workable.
In 1804, the 12th Amendment provided that
henceforth, electors would vote separately for
president and vice-president the system we have
today.

27
Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence.
Governor of Virginia during the Revolution.
Minister to France under the Articles of
Confederation.
First secretary of State.
3rd President of the US.
Founded the University of Virginia.

A natural philosopher.
Invented the dumbwaiter, the swivel chair, and
way to make multiple copies.
Possibly the first American to employ a French
chef.
No orator perhaps because of his lisp.
Not universally admired.
Critics saw him as a dangerous radical
described as frivolous and immoral.

He knew he owed his election to Federalists and
attempted to win over federalists in his
inaugural address.
As president he abandoned some of his
pre-presidential positions and adopted Federalist
policies that he had previously condemned.
Said nothing more about the Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions.
Jefferson shunned the pomp and ceremony of
Washington and Adams presidency.

The summer before his inauguration, the capital
was moved to Federal City (Washington D.C).
Adams was the first president to live at the
White House.
A hodgepodge of half-completed public buildings,
ramshackle boarding houses, stables, vast tracts
of wooded wilderness, swamps, and few private
homes.
No place for Congressmans families.
Social life was masculine and on the raw side
Smokey card games, heavy drinking, even brawls
and gun fights.
Jefferson pardoned the people imprisoned under
the Sedition Act.

Restored the 5 year residency requirement for
citizenship, and replaced Federalist
officeholders with Republicans.
Jeffersons presidency not characterized by any
great innovations in government.
The only innovation in governance that happened
during Jeffersons presidency was effected by one
of his bitterest enemies (and a distant cousin)
the Federalist chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, John Marshall.

32
Marbury v. Madison

Adams appointed 42 Federalists to the bench
Midnight Judges.
Federal judges served for life
Wanted to ensure that the judiciary would remain
a bastion of Federalist principles.

The appointment of midnight judges would become
standard procedure.
William Marbury
Document that entitled Marbury to his job was not
delivered before March 4th, when Jefferson took
the oath of office.
According to the Judiciary Act of 1789, the
secretary of State, James Madison as of March
4th, was obligated to deliver the commission.

When Madison refused to do so, Marbury sued for a
writ of mandamus a court order that means we
compel a government official to perform the
duties of his office.
By 1803 the case was before the Supreme Court.
Court was dominated by Marshall (30years).
In his ruling in the case of Marbury v.
Madison, he scolded Madison for unseemly
behavior.

However, Marshall ruled that a section of the law
under which Marbury had sued was
unconstitutional.
Said Congress had no Constitutional right to give
the federal courts the powers the Judiciary Act
of 1789 accorded it.
Asserted the Supreme Courts right to decide
which acts of Congress were constitutional, and
which unconstitutional the right of Judicial
Review.

36
The Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson also reinterpreted the Constitution in
the most important action of his first term - The
Louisiana Purchase.
Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to reassert French
power in North America.
Napoleons plan wanted to force Spain a client
state to return Louisiana to France.
With Louisiana, Napoleon could feed the people
from within a French empire.
In 1801, by secret treaty, Napoleon regained
Louisiana.

Almost immediately the right to use New Orleans
and the Mississippi guaranteed by Pinckneys
Treaty was revoked.
The free navigation of the Mississippi was vital
to 400,000 Americans.
War with France seemed likely, but would require
a naval siege of New Orleans.
An alliance with the British was repugnant to
Jefferson.

Offered France 2 million for a tract of land on
the Mississippi.
In January 1803 sent James Monroe to Paris to
offer 10 million for New Orleans and West
Florida.
But the French had offered the American minister
to France all of Louisiana for 15 million.
France did this because a slave uprising in Haiti
had defeated 30,000 French troops.

The Louisiana deal was sealed despite the fact
that it was without constitutional sanction.

Jefferson sent out Meriwether Lewis, and William
Clark to explore the new territory. They reached
the pacific in November, 1805.
The tribes of the Northwest, had been dealing
with Americans and Europeans for years.
The West served Jeffersons rural republican
party well.
Jefferson easily elected to a second term in
1804.

41
Jeffersons Second Term

First Barbary War (1801-1805).
To end tribute.
Tribute v. ransom
War between Britain and France.
This war came to a head in 1805, when Lord Nelson
defeated Napoleons navy at the Battle of
Trafalgar.
The British and French then settled down to
economic warfare, each aiming to ruin the other
by crippling their trade.
The British issued the Orders of Council
forbidding neutrals (the U.S.) from trading in
Europe unless first stopping in a British port
for a license.

New England merchants could have lived with this
situation many tended to be pro-British,
however, Napoleon retaliated by enacting the
Berlin and Milan decrees of 1806 and 1807.
Known as the Continental System, any neutral
vessels that observed the Orders in Council
would be seized by the French.
American merchants were caught in the middle.
Within a year the British had seized 1,000
American ships and the French 500.

But the Americans were still making massive
amounts of money.
British began impressments of American sailors.
Jefferson decided to respond by passing the
Embargo Act of 1807, American ships in port were
forbidden to leave.
All imports and exports were prohibited.

The embargo was total economic war.
Britain hurt by the embargo, but so were
Americans who did business with foreign markets.
The embargo ended up costing Americans 3 times
what a war would have.
Congress repealed the embargo in 1808.

45
James Madison

In 1808 James Madison won the election.
Madisons first attempt to resolve the dispute
over trade the Non-Intercourse Act opened
trade with all nations except France and Britain.
The act provided that whichever of the two
belligerents agreed to respect the rights of
American shipping would get the right to trade
with America back.
In London the American minister negotiated a
favorable treaty with Britain and Madison renewed
trade with England.

Then the British repudiated the agreement
-Madison humiliated.
In May 1810, the Republicans created Macons Bill
No.2
reopened trade with Britain and France,
with the condition that as soon as either agreed
to American terms the U.S. would cut off trade to
the other.
With no intention of stopping French captains
from seizing American vessels, Napoleon revoked
the Continental System, and as Macons Bill No.2
required, Madison cut off trade with Britain.

47
The War of 1812

On June 16th 1812, with Napoleon invading Russia,
Britain canceled their Orders in Council.
But the news of this diplomatic victory for
Madison did not reach him in time.
He asked Congress for a declaration of war
against Britain.
On the face of it, the War of 1812, was fought to
defend the rights of American shipping on the
high seas.

Mercantile New England - largely Federalist
were against the war.
The demands for war had come from Jefferson
Republicans in the agricultural regions of the
US.
These farmers who lived by exporting their crops
suffered from British depredations at sea because
the farmers unsold crops were useless.
Britains interference in Americas overseas
trade was a real problem for American farmers.

Supporters of the war also resented Britains
continued support of the Indians in the Northwest
territory.
Westerners were in continual conflict with the
native-American groups there and the supporters
of the war saw it as an opportunity to break the
back of Indian military power.
Many of the War Hawks even spoke of invading
Canada to get rid of British influence in North
America for good.

With the war against Napoleon in Europe nearing
its climax, Britain had left 2,200 professional
soldiers in North America.
To defend Canada, they relied on a confederacy of
Indian tribes led by a Shawnee chief named
Tecumseh.
In August 1812, the Americans began a
three-pronged attack on Canada.

The Canadians counterattacked and captured
Detroit, while there Indian allies destroyed the
stockade at Chicago, then called Fort Dearborn.
Americans were able to secure Lake Erie and
burned the capital of upper Canada, York
(Toronto).
The British attempted to invade New York, but
were stopped at Lake Champlain.
But in August 1814, the British launched an
amphibious raid on Washington DC.
In revenge for the burning of York, the British
burned the Capitol and the White House.
James and Dolly Madison narrowly escaped capture.

The British hadnt wanted the American war, but
when Napoleon abdicated in 1814, it freed a large
number of British soldiers to fight in America.
The British began peace talks at Ghent in
Belgium, and also came up with a plan to seize
lower Louisiana.
Britain sent 8,000 troops to attack New Orleans.
What looked like a disaster would become one of
the great military victories for America and the
making of a national hero Andrew Jackson.

53
Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson
a slave-holding planter
self-educated lawyer
land speculator
Indian-fighter
Killed 2,000 redcoats and lost only 7 Americans.
The Treaty of Ghent which restored Anglo-American
relations to what they had been before the war
was actually signed before the Battle of New
Orleans.

Such a victory seemed a reaffirmation of the
nations splendid destiny.
Within three years of the battle, America had
crushed the Creek tribe in the Southeast, and
stung the Barbary pirates of Algeria.
Americans began to take a prominent role in the
world where armed might was a sign of
greatness.
Moreover, another of these measures, a nations
sway over vast territory, also captured the
attention of the Europeans.
Americans were moving west into areas they
regarded as empty.

55
James Monroe

After 1815 America began to coalesce into a more
unified entity.
It is at this time that July 4th begins to be
celebrated.
James Monroe, of Virginia would preside over
relative stability and prosperity at time
characterized by relative political unity.
A key event in his presidency was the Monroe
Doctrine.
In 1823, the president wrote to Congress and
Europe that the United States would no longer be
considered an appendage of the Old World. The
United states pledged not to interfere or dabble
in European affairs. In return Europe was to
consider the western Hemisphere closed to further
colonization and would be considered by the US as
an act of war.

56
Industrialization

One of Hamiltons dreams, and Jeffersons
nightmare, was the gradual movement toward
industrialization in America.
It began with the cloth industry.
Mills were built alongside fast moving rivers
using technology smuggled out of England who
closely guarded their technology secrets.
With plenty of resources and capital flowing from
the merchants and shippers of the northeast, it
seemed to Americans that the US had been built
for industrialization.
Banks were a new phenomenon in 19th century
America, but they made it easier to channel
capital where it was needed.

57
Lowell Mills

Industrialization, undercut traditional
handicrafts and American labor shifted from
cottage-industry to factories.
First successful factory systems was instituted
by Francis Cabot Lowell who persuaded farmers to
send their young daughters to his factories in
Waltham, Massachusetts.
For 70 hours a week, the girls sat at the
machines where they earned 3 per week.
Half of their pay went to room and board at
company owned lodging houses.
Their lives were highly regulated both physically
and morally.

58
Plan of Lowell, Massachusetts
59
Slavery

Southerners reaffirmed their agrarian heritage.
In 1782, African American slavery appeared to
be dying out.
The northern states took steps to abolish slavery
in late 18th century.
Slavery was never vital to the northern economy
so the north could afford to practice the
revolutions principle of liberty.

Slavery was also in decline in the South during
the Revolutionary era.
The world price of tobacco one of the few crops
using slave labor collapsed.
Many of the old tobacco fields exhausted.
Many Southerners saw slavery as a necessary evil,
and in 1808, when congress outlawed further
importation of slaves from Africa, few objected.

At the peace talks in Ghent in 1815, American and
British ministers talked about collaborating to
suppress illegal traders.
Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin
A way to separate the fiber from the plants
sticky seeds.

62
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Technology had come to the South, but not
industry.
The effects of Eli Whitneys machine were
the revival of the Souths traditional one-crop
economy,
the domination of southern society by large
planters,
and the re-invigoration of slavery.
The fertile upland belt that extends from South
Carolina and Georgia through East Texas was
perfect cotton country.

Southerners poured into Alabama, Mississippi, and
northern Louisiana and eventually Arkansas.
Most were wealthy planters who brought with them
women, and slaves.
By 1820 half the population of Mississippi were
black and in bondage.
The price of slaves soared.
Slaves who were becoming a financial burden in
Virginia and Maryland were valuable commodities
in the new cotton south.
Slave holders from as far north as New Jersey
sold their slaves to cotton planters.

There were still a few slaves in the North to be
sold in 1819.
Most states had adopted a gradualist approach to
emancipation
no person born or brought into the state after a
certain date could be enslaved.
By 1819, a clear-cut line between slave states
and free states.
North of the Pennsylvania/Maryland border and the
Ohio River slavery was forbidden.

66
The Missouri Compromise, 1820

South slavery remained a vital part of society
and the economy.
Application of the Missouri Territory to be
admitted to the Union as a state ignited
sectional tension.
Most of Missouri lay north of the Ohio River.
Northern representatives called for Missouri
forbid importation of slaves and to free all
slaves in the state when they reached 25 years
old.

Monroe encouraged compromise in the Congress.
Henry Clay known as the Great Compromiser who
devised a plan.
Clay proposed that Missouri be admitted to the
Union as those who wrote its Constitution wished
as a slave state.
Clay proposed that the southern boundary of
Missouri, 36 30 north latitude, be extended
through the remainder of American territory.
North of that line slavery was forever
prohibited.

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69

South of that line - Arkansas Territory and
Florida citizens of the state could decide to
be a slave state or a free state.
The Missouri compromise an informal
institutionalization of a balance between free
states and slave states.
There were 22 states in the Union in 1819, 11
free, 11 slave.
When Missouri was admitted the Maine district of
Massachusetts admitted as a free state.

For 30 years, Congress admitted states in pairs,
preserving the balance.
Problems
Most of the new territories above the 36 North
line.
Inevitable a territory would eventually seek
admission to the Union as a free state with no
slave state to balance it.
Population of the free north increasing faster
than south.

71
Andrew Jackson

Seventh president.
Self-educated man.
13 years old in Revolutionary War.
General Jackson a national hero after the Battle
of New Orleans.
First president from the west.

1824 presidential election
Jacksonians called the 1824 election the "Stolen
Election
Jackson won the popular vote - not have enough
electoral votes to win.
Election had to be decided by the House of
Representatives.
Jackson's opponents Henry Clay of Kentucky -
Speaker of the House, John Quincy Adams of Mass.
- Secretary of State and William H. Crawford of
Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury.

Anti-Jacksonites coalesced around a hatred of the
savage Jackson and called themselves National
Republicans.
Let the people rule! - Jacksons supporters
called themselves Democratic Republicans soon
abbreviated to democrats.
Leading up to the 1828 election Jackson and his
followers continually criticized the Adams
administration.

Jackson said he was the people's candidate argued
the elite had disregarded the peoples choice in
1824.
Jackson defeated Adams in the 1828 election and
four years later defeated Clay in the election of
1832.
During the 1828 campaign the Adams camp accused
Jackson and his wife of adultery.

Andrew Jackson first to do a number of things
First to marry a divorcee.
First populist president who did not come from
the aristocracy although many of his democratic
supporters did.
Jackson was the result of 50 years of democratic
rhetoric.

Though Jeffersonians saw themselves as natural
aristocrats, they believed that the people should
rule.
The 1820s and 30s would be an extraordinary time
of democratic upheaval.
Americans were becoming increasingly prosperous
and had more time to think about public affairs.
Andrew Jackson would ride this democratization
wave which was particularly influenced by the
west.

In an attempt to attract population, the young
western states extended the right to vote to all
free, adult white males and passed various laws
that benefited the poor.
Eastern states fearful of losing population,
responded by enacting their own legislation
designed to appeal to the common man.
Some of the new voters built parties around
social issues workingmens parties sprung up in
eastern cities the Workies would eventually
integrate into the democratic party.

He was the first to be nominated at a national
convention (his second term).
The first democratic Convention met in 1832.
The anti-Jackson National-Republicans followed
suit a few years later.
He was the first president to unapologetically
represent a political party.
He made it quite clear that his supporters would
take key jobs in the government.

The first president to use the "pocket veto" to
kill a congressional bill.
Jackson believed in a strong presidency and he
vetoed a dozen pieces of legislation, more than
the first six presidents put together.
Jackson also believed in a strong Union
open opposition with Southern legislators,
especially those from South Carolina, including
his Vice-President John Calhoun who was
replaced by Martin van Buren for the second term.

But Jackson would have trouble with the states.
In 1828 Congress passed a high protective tariff
on all manufactured goods signed into law by
Quincy Adams.
South Carolinian cotton planters believed that
their crop was paying the whole countys bills
and underwriting industrial development.

Cotton accounted for half the wealth that poured
into the U.S.
Much of the tariff on manufactured goods was
diverted to the North.
President had decided that the national wealth
should be used to industrialize those who were
not interested in industrialization, like the
South Carolinians were in a minority.
The tariff looked unfair, but constitutional.

South Carolina legislature passed an Ordinance of
Nullification, which rejected the tariff and
declared the tariff invalid in South Carolina.
This nullification could only be overruled if
3/4ths of the other states overruled the
decision.
In such an event, the nullifying state could
chose between capitulation, or succession from
the union.
In 1832 Jackson signed into law an even higher
tariff.
The South Carolinians declared the law null and
void.

Jackson responded with threats.
Henry Clay worked out compromise tariff just low
enough for South Carolina to agree to pay - 1833.
Incident a precursor of the positions that would
lead almost thirty years later to the Civil War.

84
Bank of the United States

Refused to sanction the re-charter of the Bank of
the United States.
Argued Congress had not had the authority to
create the Bank in the first place.
Viewed the Bank as operating for the primary
benefit of the upper classes at the expense of
working people.
Jackson vetoed re-charter.
The Bank ceased to exist when its charter expired
in 1836.

85
Indian Removal Act

Jackson led troops against the Creek War and the
First Seminole War.
During first administration the Indian Removal
Act was passed in 1830.
The act offered the Indians land west of the
Mississippi in return for evacuation of their
tribal homes in the east.
About 100 million acres of traditional Indian
lands were cleared under this law.
Refused to enforce Supreme Court's ruling in
Worcester vs. Georgia in which the Court found
that the State of Georgia did not have the right
to move the Cherokees.

In 1838-1839 Georgia evicted the Cherokees and
forced them to march west.
25 of the Indians were dead before they reached
Oklahoma.
The "Trail of Tears.
Took place after Jackson's presidency, the roots
of the march can be found in Jackson's failure to
uphold the legal rights of Native Americans
during his administration.

Two new states under Jackson - Arkansas in 1836
and Michigan in 1837.
Appointed Roger Taney who had an impact on
American life long after Jackson's retirement.
In 1836 Taney succeeded John Marshall as Chief
Justice.
Gave permission for states to restrict
immigration.
Destroyed a transportation monopoly in
Massachusetts, establishing the principle in U.S.
law that the public good is superior to private
rights.

By 1834, the realignment of politics that was
forced by Jacksons triumphs was complete.
In the Congressional elections that year, the old
National-Republicans joined with former Jackson
supporters who objected to his vetoes etc., - the
Whigs.

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Jefferson to Jackson - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jefferson to Jackson

Jefferson to Jackson 1796-1834 – PowerPoint PPT presentation