The Age of Jackson

1
The Age of Jackson
2
Election of 1824

• Only one party, but divisions begin to show
• Candidates
• John Quincy Adams
• Secretary of State, considered cold and unpopular
• Henry Clay
• Speaker of the House, the American System
• Andrew Jackson
• Little political history, war hero from Tennessee
• William H. Crawford
• Secretary of the Treasury, Republican candidate
  from Georgia
• Results of election
• Popular vote Jackson wins, but without a clear
  majority
• Electoral vote Jackson 99, Adams 84, Crawford
  41, Clay 37
• No clear winner, goes to the House of
  Representatives

Clay
Adams
Jackson
3
(No Transcript)
4
The Corrupt Bargain

• Clay swings his votes to Adams (American system
  would work with Adams Nationalism)
• Adams becomes President, Clay becomes Secretary
  of State
• Jackson claims a corrupt bargain and begins a
  four year campaign for the presidency (first ever
  presidential campaign)

5
J.Q. Adams Administration

• Adams limited in office
• Jackson leads opposition in Congress
• Georgia and the Creeks/Cherokees
• The Panama Conference
• U.S. sends 2 delegates, one dies, the other is
  late
• Tariff of 1828
• Southerners hurt by high prices
• Tariff of Abominations
• New two-party system
• National Republican
• Later called Whigs (1832)
• Eventually become Republicans (1854)
• Democratic Republicans
• Also called Jacksonian Democrats
• Foundation of modern Democratic party

6
Election of 1828

• Popular Politics
• Election of 1824 300,000 votes
• Election of 1828 1.1 million votes
• Mudsling campaign
• Jackson portrays Adams as a gambler, pimp, and
  politically corrupt
• Adams portrays Jackson as an adulterer, murderer,
  and stupid
• the era of the common man
• Jackson wins easily

7
(No Transcript)
8
Rise of Mass Politics

• White male suffrage increased
• Party nominating committees.
• Voters chose their states slate of Presidential
  electors.
• Spoils system.
• Rise of Third Parties.
• Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
  etc.)
• Two-party system returned in the 1832 election
• Dem-Reps ? Natl. Reps.(1828) ? Whigs (1832) ?
  Republicans (1854)
• Democrats (1828)

9
Voting Requirementsfrom 1800 to 1830
10
Voter Turn-out from 1820 to 1860( of eligible
voters)(2008 56.3, 2004 55.5, 2000 51.3)
11
Jackson the Person

• Born in South Carolina but raised in Tennessee,
  first President raised west of the Appalachians
• War Hero
• War of 1812
• Seminole Wars
• Appealed to
• Planter elite (south)
• Frontier
• Immigrants in cities
• Faith in the Common Man
• Distrust of Eastern establishment, monopolies,
  special privilege groups
• Common man was capable of uncommon achievements

12
Jackson as President

• Spoils System
• Removal of officeholders
• Replace with own followers
• Only removed about 1/5th of officeholders
  (similar to Jefferson)
• Promoted economic program to reduce the
  government
• Strongly committed to preserving the union
• Common Man or King Jackson?

13
Tariff Issue

• 1828 Tariff of Abominations
• South Carolina calls for secession if tariff
  isnt reduced
• John C. Calhoun issues his nullification doctrine
• Based on Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Peggy Eaton Affair
• Martin van Burin becomes next in line for
  President

14
Tariff Issue

• Webster-Hayne Debate
• Daniel Webster (MA) vs. Robert Hayne (SC)
• Hayne (Calhoun)
• The Constitution is little more than a treaty
  between sovereign states
• Webster
• Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
  inseparable.
• Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty, most
  dear.
• Jackson Our Federal Union it must be
  preserved.
• 1832 New Tariff

15
Nullification Crisis

• South Carolina on verge of secession
• Calhoun resigns as Vice President and elected
  Senator in South Carolina
• 1833 Jackson convinces Congress to pass the
  force bill
• Authorized use of military to keep South Carolina
  from secession
• 1833 Henry Clays Compromise
• Gradually reduced tariff over 10 years
• Clays Compromise and Force Bill signed on same
  day
• South Carolina accepts compromise and nullifies
  the force bill

16
John C. CalhounHottest American Vice President?
17
Native American Policy

• Jacksons Goal
• Remove Indians from areas of white settlement
• Black Hawk War
• Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw
• 1830 Indian Removal Act
• 1831 Cherokee Nation v. GA
• domestic dependent nation
• 1832 Worcester v. GA
• Jackson
• John Marshall has made his decision, now let him
  enforce it!

18
Trail of Tears

• 1830 1835 Removed to the Indian Territory
  (later Oklahoma)
• 1830 Choctaws
• 1832 1833 Black Hawk War
• 1836 Creek
• 1837 Chickasaw
• 1838 Cherokee
• North Carolina
• Seminole War (1835 1842)
• Chief Osceola

19
(No Transcript)
20
Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.

• Soft (paper)
• State bankers felt it restrained their banks from
  issuing bank notes freely.
• Supported rapid economic growth and speculation.

• Hard (specie)
• Felt that coin was the only safe currency.
• Didnt like any bank that issued bank notes.
• Suspicious of expansion and speculation.
• Jackson tended to support hard money.

21
Jackson and The Bank of the U.S.

• 1830 Jackson vetoes Maysville Road Project
• Road was completely in Henry Clays Kentucky
• Nicholas Biddle
• President of the 2nd B.U.S.
• Convinced by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay to
  re-charter the 2nd B.U.S. in 1832 (4 years early)
• Clay runs for president as a National Republican
  with the Bank as the main issue
• Jackson easily win election of 1832

22
The Monster is Destroyed

• Jackson puts govt. money in pet banks
• 1832 Jackson vetoes extension of the 2nd B.U.S.
• 1833 Czar Nicholas calls in loans to
  stabilize B.U.S.
• 1836 2nd B.U.S.s charter expires
• 1841 the bank went bankrupt

23
Downfall of Mother Bank
24
Democrats and Whigs

• Jacksonian Democracy
• Govt should be limited
• Protect opportunity
• Encourage expansion
• End privilege and monopolies
• Constituents
• Small merchants and workers in Northeast,
  southern planters against industry, westerners
  with southern roots
• Irish and German Catholics
• Whigs
• Taken from English political party that was
  against the king
• Expand federal govt
• Encourage industrial and commercial growth
• Constituents
• Northeast merchants and manufactures, Southern
  planters in favor of industry, Westerners with
  northern roots
• Evangelical Protestants

25
The Specie Circular (1836)

• Wildcat banks
• Buy future federal land with gold or silver only
• Goal was to limit speculation
• Results of Specie Circular
• Banknotes loose their value.
• Land sales plummeted.
• Credit not available.
• Businesses begin to fail.
• Unemployment rose
• The Panic of 1837

26
Martin Van Buren

• Election of 1836
• Easily wins as Whigs have 3 candidates
• Inherits financial problem created by Jackson and
  Whigs fight over B.U.S.
• Does little to fix Panic of 1837
• Lowers tariffs
• Independent Treasury passes in 1840, has little
  effectiveness
• Caroline Affair (Canada)
• Supervised the Trail of Tears
• Denied Texas admission as a state

27
Rise of the Whigs

• Election of 1840
• Whigs
• William Henry Harrison (Indian fighter from
  northwest)
• John Tyler (Virginia) for V.P.
• Democrats
• Martin Van Buren, but no V.P. candidate
• Log Cabin Campaign
• Tippecanoe and Tyler too!
• Harrison wins, dies one month later
• John Tyler
• Refused to re-charter B.U.S.
• 1844 ran as a Democrat

28
Whig poster
29
(No Transcript)