Andrew Jackson

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Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845
Ms. Susan M. PojerModified Teddi Baker
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Essential Question
Champion of the Common Man?
KingAndrew?
OR
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What were the democratic trends in the 19c?
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Voting Requirements in the Early 19c
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Voter Turnout 1820 - 1860
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Campaigning on the Stump
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Why Increased Democratization?

• White male suffrage increased
• Party nominating committees.
• Voters chose their states slate of Presidential
  electors.
• Spoils system.
• Rise of Third Parties.
• Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
  etc.)
• Two-party system returned in the 1832 election
• Dem-Reps ? Natl. Reps.(1828) ? Whigs
  (1832) ? Republicans (1854)
• Democrats (1828)

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Jackson's Early Life
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Jacksons First Hermitage Residence
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First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815
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General Jackson During the Seminole Wars
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Jackson's First Presidential Run
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The Common MansPresidential Candidate
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Jacksons Opponents in 1824
Henry ClayKY
John Quincy AdamsMA
John C. CalhounSC
William H. CrawfordGA
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Results of the 1824 Election
A Corrupt Bargain?
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John Quincy Adams Administration (1825-1829)
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Opposition to John Quincy Adams

• Some believed he allowed too much political
  control to be held by elites.
• Some objected to his support of national economic
  development on constitutional grounds.
• Adams believed a strong, active central
  government was necessary.
• A national university.
• An astronomical observatory.
• A naval academy.
• Many Americans saw Adams vision of a might
  nation led by a strong president as a threat to
  individual liberties.

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What were the key issues in 1828?
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The Tariff of Abomination
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Tariff Battles

• Tariff of 1816 ? on imports of cheap textiles.
• Tariff of 1824 ? on iron goods and more expensive
  woolen and cotton imports.
• Tariff of 1828 ? higher tariffs on imported raw
  materials like wool hemp.
• Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from
  farmers in NY, OH, KY.
• The South alone was adamantly against it.
• As producers of the worlds cheapest cotton, it
  did not need a protective tariff.
• They were negatively impacted ? American textiles
  and iron goods or the taxed English goods were
  more expensive!

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Votes in the House for the Tariff of Abomination
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Land Indian Policies

• John Quincy Adams
• His land policies gave westerners anothr reason
  to dislike him.
• He attempted to curb speculation for public lands
  ? his opponent accused him of denying their
  individual rights and freedoms to expand
  westward!
• He supported the land rights of Native Americans
  against white settlers.
• 1825 ? govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a
  group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights
  to GA.
• The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce
  the treaty.
• Congress sided with the governor of GA.

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The 1828 Election

• Jacksons campaign was engineered by Senator
  Martin Van Buren of NY
• He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian
  coalition of
• Northern farmers and artisans.
• Southern slave owners.
• Farmers with small land holdings.
• He created the Democratic Party from the remains
  of Jeffersons old party
• Created a national committee that oversaw local
  and state party units.
• Mass meetings, parades, picnics.
• A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

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Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
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Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
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1828 Election Results
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The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST
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The New Jackson Coalition

• The Planter Elite in the South
• People on the Frontier
• Artisans competition from factory labor.
• State Politicians ? spoils system
• To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy!
  William Marcy of NY
• Immigrants in the cities.

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Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory
over his Supporters
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Jacksons Faith in the Common Man

• Intense distrust of Easternestablishment,
  monopolies, special privilege.
• His heart soul was with theplain folk.
• Belief that the common man was capable of
  uncommon achievements.

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The Reign of King Mob
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Andrew Jackson as President
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The Peggy Eaton Affair
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The Nullification Issue
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The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel WebsterMA
Sen. Robert HayneSC
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• One of the most momentous debates in Senate
  history began over a plan to curtail western land
  sales.
• Senators from western states viewed this proposal
  by a Connecticut senator as a cynical scheme to
  preserve for northeastern manufacturing interests
  a cheap labor supply that might otherwise be
  lured away by the beckoning opportunities of
  plentiful western lands.
• Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina saw in
  this developing Northeast-West dispute an
  opportunity to build a political alliance between
  the South and the West.
• Hayne shared the view of southern planters that
  an agricultural system built on slavery could
  only survive with an unlimited supply of cheap
  western lands.

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• Hayne began the debate in this chamber on January
  19, 1830.
• He contended that states, not the federal
  government, should control their lands and that
  states should have the right to set aside certain
  federal laws if they wished.
• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, the Senate's
  leading orator, responded by challenging the
  South's apparent willingness to subvert the Union
  for regional economic gain.
• In doing so, he broadened the debate beyond land,
  tariffs, and slavery to a consideration of the
  very nature of the federal republic.

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• Maintaining that the North had always been the
  West's ally, Webster successfully shifted the
  debate to one of states' rights versus national
  power.
• When Hayne again argued that a state had the
  right to openly defy an act of Congress, Webster
  returned on January 26 and 27 with his classic
  "Second Reply to Hayne."

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• The chamber was jammed beyond reasonable capacity
  as Webster, using his organ-like voice to great
  effect,
• thundered that the nation was not a mere
  association of sovereign states, but a "popular
  government, erected by the people
• those who administer it responsible to the
  people
• and itself capable of being amended and modified,
  just as the people may choose it should be."
• Overnight, the Massachusetts senator became a
  major national figure, respected by his many
  friends and enemies alike.
• The Senate shelved the land sales resolution, and
  chances of an alliance between the South and West
  evaporated.

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1830
Webster Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson Our Federal Unionit must be
preserved.
Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
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Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to
Despotism
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1832 Tariff Conflict

• 1832 --gt new tariff
• South Carolinas reaction?
• Jacksons response?
• Clays Compromise Tariff?

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Clays Sews Up Jacksons Mouth (1834)
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Jackson's Native-American Policy
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Indian Removal

• Jacksons Goal?
• 1830 ? Indian Removal Act
• Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) domestic
  dependent nation
• Worcester v. GA (1832)
• Jackson John Marshall has made his
  decision, now let him enforce it!

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The Cherokee Nation After 1820
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Indian Removal
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The Grand National Caravan Moving West
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Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
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Jacksons Professed Love forNative Americans
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Renewing the Charter of the 2nd National Bank
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Jacksons Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830 ? Maysville Road project in KY
state of his political rival, Henry
Clay
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The National Bank Debate
PresidentJackson
NicholasBiddlean arrogant aristocrat from
Philadelphia
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Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
Soft(paper)
Hard(specie)

• state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from
  issuingbank notes freely.
• supported rapid economic growth speculation.

• felt that coin was the only safecurrency.
• didnt like any bankthat issued banknotes.
• suspicious of expansion speculation.

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The Monster Is Destroyed!

• Pet Banks
• 1832 ? Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd
  National Bank of the United States.
• 1836 ? the charter expired.
• 1841 ? the bank went bankrupt!

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The Downfall of Mother Bank
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The Bank the 1832 Election

• Jackson saw Biddles pushing forward a bill to
  renew the Banks charter earlier as an attempt to
  block his re-election!
• Biddle his associates preferred Clay.
• Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.
• The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will
  destroy it!
• Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van
  Buren.
• BUT, both parties Democrats Whigs had
  contradictory positions regarding their party
  principles, to many of the issues of the day!

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An 1832 Cartoon KingAndrew?
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Positions on the Key Issues of 1832
WHIGS
DEMOCRATS

• Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was
  alarming.
• Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators
  were non-producers who used their govt.
  connections to line their own pockets.
• Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the
  economy to allow the little guy a chance to
  prosper.
• For Indian removal.
• Oppose tariffs.
• States rights.
• Oppose federal support for internal improvements.
• Opposed the National Bank.

• Less concerned about the widening gap between
  rich and poor.
• Opposed liberal capitalism because they
  believed it would lead to economic chaos.
• Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding
  economy was critical.
• Opposes Indian removal.
• Favored tariffs.
• Supported a National Bank.

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1832 Election Results
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The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren Old KinderhookO. K.
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The Specie Circular (1836)

• Speculators created wildcat banks that fueled
  the runaway inflation.
• So, buy future federal land only with gold or
  silver.
• This move shocked the system.
• Jacksons goal ? to curb the land speculation.

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Results of the Specie Circular

• Banknotes loose their value.
• Land sales plummeted.
• Credit not available.
• Businesses began to fail.
• Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!
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The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!
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The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
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Andrew Jackson in Retirement
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Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before
his death)
1767 - 1845