Ch.11, Sec.1- Jefferson as President

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Ch.11, Sec.1- Jefferson as President
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Jefferson in Office

• Jefferson lowered military spending, reducing the
  size of the army to about 3,200 troops. The navy
  was cut to 7 active ships. Jefferson and Albert
  Gallatin, the secretary of the treasury, hoped
  that the money saved would allow the government
  to repay the national debt. Jefferson also asked
  Gallatin to find ways to get rid of domestic
  taxes, like the tax on whiskey.

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Marbury v. Madison

• Early in 1801, before Jefferson took office,
  Federalists in Congress passed a new law that
  created many new judgeships and other court
  offices. Before his term ended, President John
  Adams had appointed dozens of Federalists to fill
  these positions. Jefferson accused Adams of
  filling these positions till 9 oclock of the
  night, at 12 oclock of which he was to go out of
  office. Other Republicans called the people
  chosen by Adams midnight judges.
• When Jefferson entered office on March 4, 1801,
  some Federalists chosen by Adams had not yet
  received their special commissions. Without these
  forms they could not begin working as judges.
  Jefferson took advantage of this and ordered
  Secretary of State James Madison not to give out
  the papers.

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Marbury v. Madison cont.

• William Marbury demanded that the Supreme Court
  force the executive branch to hand over his
  commission. This had never been done before, but
  he claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the
  Supreme Court the right to do so.
• The chief justice of the U.S. was John Marshall,
  a Federalist appointed by Adams. Since Marshall
  and Jefferson disagreed on many political issues,
  Jefferson protested Marshall hearing the case.
• The Supreme Courts decision in Marbury v.
  Madison surprised many people. All the justices
  agreed that Marbury had been treated unfairly,
  but did the Supreme Court have the power to force
  Madison to give Marbury his commission? The
  Judiciary Act of 1789 said the Court did, but
  Chief Justice Marshall said the Court did not.

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Marbury v. Madison cont.

• He did not think that the Constitution allowed
  Congress to give the Supreme Court new powers. He
  believed the Judiciary Act of 1789 was
  unconstitutional and had wrongly given the Court
  that power. Therefore, the Supreme Court did not
  have the power to force the federal government to
  give Marbury his commission.
• Marshalls ruling established the power of
  judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court
  to declare an act of Congress to be
  unconstitutional.

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Sec.2- The Louisiana Purchase
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French Louisiana

• Napoleon Bonaparte dreamed of rebuilding Frances
  empire in North America. He wanted to first send
  troops to Louisiana. Standing in the way of his
  plan was the former French colony of St.
  Dominique (Haiti). Enslaved Africans had gained
  their freedom by taking over the colony in the
  1790s, and former slave Toussaint-Louverture
  ruled the island. Before sending troops to
  Louisiana, Napoleon needed to take back the
  island to use as a supply base. However,
  Toussaints troops defeated the French forces
  sent to recapture St. Dominique in 1802, which
  kept Napoleon from sending troops to Louisiana.

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The Louisiana Purchase

• President Jefferson wanted to keep the French
  from controlling New Orleans, but he did not want
  to start a war. Jefferson told Robert Livingston
  and James Monroe to try to buy New Orleans and
  West Florida. They met with Talleyrand, the
  French foreign minister, to discuss the offer.
  Talleyrand said that without New Orleans, the
  rest of Louisiana would be of little value to
  France. Then he asked what the U.S. would give
  for the whole. This shocked the Americans.
• The reasons Napoleon was willing to sell
  Louisiana were 1. France was about to go to war
  with Great Britain and they did not want to fight
  them and the Americans at once, 2. The French had
  no troops in Louisiana and needed supplies for
  the armies in Europe, 3. If the U.S. owned
  Louisiana, it could challenge Britains power in
  North America.

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The Louisiana Purchase cont.

• Livingston and Monroe wanted to act quickly, but
  Congress only authorized them to offer 10
  million and the French wanted 15 million. They
  signed a treaty of purchase on May 2, 1803.
  Jefferson did not believe the Constitution
  allowed him to buy the territory, but Livingston
  and Monroe feared they might take back their
  offer, so they pushed him to act quickly. He
  agreed to the purchase on October 20, 1803, and
  the Senate approved, saying it was best for the
  country. The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled
  the size of the U.S., stretching west from the
  Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

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Mission of Discovery

• Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people,
  land and rivers of the West, and wanted to see if
  their was a river route that could be taken to
  the Pacific Ocean. In January 1803, the president
  asked Congress to fund a small western
  expedition, and he chose Meriwether Lewis to lead
  it. Lewis chose William Clark to be the
  co-leader. Jefferson wanted them to explore the
  Missouri River and form peaceful relations with
  American Indians they met.

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• They set out from St. Louis. Lewis used
  interpreters to tell them the U.S. now owned the
  land on which the Indians lived. Sacagaweas
  husband offered to guide the expedition across
  the Great Plains. Lewis and Clark kept journals
  describing the people, places, and animals they
  encountered. They ended their journey in St.
  Louis in September 1806. They did not find a
  river route to the Pacific Ocean, but they
  established contact with many American Indian
  groups. They also collected many plants and
  animals.

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Pikes Exploration

• Zebulon Pike was ordered to find the starting
  point of the Red River in Louisiana and Texas.
  The U.S. considered it to be a part of the
  Louisiana Purchase. Although he went into Spanish
  held lands, he continued exploring. He followed
  the river until a Spanish cavalry arrested him.
  They believed he was a spy and put him in jail.
  When he was released, he returned to the U.S. and
  reported on his trip.

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Sec.3- The Coming of War
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A Trade War

• The practice of pressing, or forcing, people to
  serve in the army or navy was called impressment.
  Sometimes U.S. citizens suffered impressment by
  accident.
• This was a violation of U.S. neutrality, leading
  some Americans to want to go to war, and some to
  favor an embargo, or the banning of trade,
  against Britain.
• Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo,
  so Congress passed the Embargo Act in December
  1807, which banned trade with foreign countries.
  Congress hoped to punish Britain and France and
  to protect American ships from capture, but
  instead it hurt American merchants the most.
  Without trade, they lost a lot of money,
  especially in the New England states and New York.

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A Trade War cont.

• The popularity of the Federalist Party rose, and
  Jeffersons support fell as the embargo
  continued. By December 1808 Jefferson had
  received 199 petitions asking him to repeal the
  Embargo Act. The act was having little effect on
  Britain and France, and American merchants were
  smuggling goods to Europe.
• Congress replaced the unpopular law with the
  Non-Intercourse Act in 1809, which banned trade
  only with Britain, France, and their colonies. It
  also stated that the U.S. would start trading
  with the first side that stopped violating U.S.
  neutrality.

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The Rise of Tecumseh

• In the early 1800s, thousands of American
  settlers were entering the Northwest Territory.
  The U.S. had gained control of this land through
  the Treaty of Greenville, but most of the Indians
  were upset because they had not agreed to this
  treaty. The British government gave military aid
  to American Indian nations in the Northwest
  Territory.
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, hoped to unite the
  American Indians of the Northwest Territory, the
  South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley.

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War on the Frontier

• William Henry Harrison, the governor of the
  Indiana Territory, believed that Tecumseh was a
  serious threat to American power. Tecumseh met
  with Harrison in 1810, which the governor urged
  Tecumseh to follow the treaties that had been
  signed. Tecumseh told him that no single chief
  could sell land belonging to all American
  Indians. In response, Harrison warned Tecumseh
  not to resist the U.S.
• Tecumseh then traveled south to ask the Creeks to
  join his forces. While he was gone, Harrison
  attacked. The Battle of Tippecanoe began when
  Prophet, Tecumsehs brother, ordered an attack on
  Harrisons camp on November 7, 1811. Harrisons
  soldiers forced the American Indian forces to
  retreat and destroyed Tecumsehs village, leading
  to Tecumseh losing most of his support.

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The War Debate

• Many Americans believed that Britain had
  encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in the
  West. The War Hawks were members of Congress who
  favored war against Great Britain.

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A Declaration of War

• When James Madison was president, he faced a lot
  of pressure to go to war with Great Britain from
  the War Hawks. He decided to let Congress decide.
  Representatives in southern and western states
  voted for war. Even though representatives of
  Delaware, the New England states, New Jersey, New
  York, and Pennsylvania votes for peace, the War
  Hawks won. This was the first time in U.S.
  history Congress declared war.

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Sec.4- The War of 1812
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The War at Sea

• When the War of 1812 began, the British navy had
  hundreds of ships stationed around the world that
  could not be called away to fight the U.S. The
  U.S. Navy had fewer than 20, but they had
  privateers and well-trained sailors. Plus the
  U.S. had new warships like the Constitution that
  carried more cannons than the British ships.
  These victories raised American morale and led
  the British to bring more ships to the American
  coast. The forces were too large for the U.S.
  forces to fight, and they began capturing
  American merchant ships and blockaded American
  seaports.

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The Canadian Border

• American leaders planned to invade Canada with 3
  separate armies. In July 1812, the British joined
  with American Indians led by Tecumseh to defeat
  an American army and capture Fort Detroit.
• In April 1813 U.S. troops burned the Canadian
  capital, York. The Battle of Lake Erie soon
  followed on September 10, 1813. The battle lasted
  more than 3 hours, and both sides suffered heavy
  casualties, but the British surrendered. The
  American in charge at this battle was Captain
  Oliver Hazard Perry.
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The Frontier War

• In the Battle of the Thames in October 1813,
  Harrison ordered a cavalry charge into the
  British forces, breaking them apart. The Indians,
  led by Tecumseh, continued to fight. After
  Tecumseh was killed, the Indians surrendered
  shortly after. This battle secured the U.S.
  border with Canada.
• The Creek Indians, led by Chief Red Eagle,
  destroyed Fort Mims in present-day Alabama,
  killing 250 of the forts defenders. Andrew
  Jackson then led his forces to fight the Creek.
• The Battle of Horseshoe Bend led Red Eagle to
  surrender to Jackson. This ended the Creek War
  and led to a treaty that forced the Creek to give
  up millions of acres of land.

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The British on the Offensive

• Having defeated France in April 1814, the British
  sent more troops to America. The British then
  wanted to attack the capital. Madison and most of
  the cabinet had to leave the capital, and the
  British set the White House and other government
  buildings on fire. They said they burned our
  capital since we burned York, the British capital
  of Canada.
• The British then sailed to Baltimore, Maryland,
  which was guarded by Fort McHenry. The British
  attacked the fort for 25 hours, but the Americans
  refused to surrender, leading to the British
  retreating.

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The Battle of New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson was in command of the U.S. forces
  around New Orleans. British troops came to within
  7 miles of the city, and Jackson ordered his
  troops to make a stand. They constructed a wall
  of dirt and logs and waited on the British to
  attack.
• The Battle of New Orleans began on January 8,
  1815. 5,300 British troops attacked 4,500
  American troops. The British troops marched
  toward the city in thick fog. As they arrived
  near the city, the fog cleared, and they were in
  the open and being fired on heavily. By the time
  the battle ended, more than 2,000 British
  soldiers were killed or wounded versus the
  Americans 70.

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Ending the War

• The Treaty of Ghent was signed in Belgium on
  December 24, 1814, before the Battle of New
  Orleans. After months of negotiations, both sides
  agreed to end the war and return the territory
  each had conquered.