Emergence of Political Parties

1
Emergence of Political Parties Foreign Policy
1796-1803

• From Washingtons Farewell to Jefferson Inaugural
  Address

2
Domestic Recap.

• Hamiltons fiscal plan
• Pay off national debt
• Assume state debt
• Pay with tariffs and Excise tax on Whiskey
• Whiskey tax sparks Rebellion suppressed by newly
  empowered federal army
• This last is one factor that leads to creating an
  enduring features of American Republic the two
  political party system)

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p181
4
p188
5
French Revolution Summary

• French Monarchy is overthrown because.
• Enlightenment ideas embraced by the middle class
• Gross imbalance of wealth in society
• American reactions varies because
• In declaring a republic Americans were
  enthusiastic because they were embracing America
  ideals
• However the Revolution soon turns bloody and
  unstable as different groups vie for power
• The British (and other European monarchies)
  consider this a threat and another war ensues
• How America should respond becomes a central
  issue in the emergence of the federalist and
  anti-federalists

6
Table 10-3 p198
7
The Democratic Republican Position

• French-American alliance of 1778
• Bound the United States to help the French defend
  their West Indies
• Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans favoring
  honoring the alliance
• America owed France its freedom, and now was the
  time to pay the debt of gratitude
• George Washingtons response????

8
X. Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation (cont.)

• In 1793 Washington issued his Neutrality
  Proclamation shortly before war broke out between
  England and France.
• Washington
• Believed that war had to be avoided at all costs
• The strategy of playing for time while the
  birthrate fought Americas battles was a cardinal
  policy of the Foundling Fathers

9
X. Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation (cont.)

• Neutrality Proclamation
• Proclaimed the governments official neutrality
  in the widening conflict
• Sternly warned American citizens to be impartial
  toward both armed camps
• Americas first formal declaration proved to be a
  major prop of spreading isolationist tradition
• It proved to be enormously controversial
• The pro-French Jeffersonians were enraged
• The British Federalists were heartened.

10
X. Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation (cont.)

• Debate intensified
• Citizen Edmond Genet, representative of the
  French Republic, landed at Charleston, S. Car.
• Was swept away by his enthusiastic reception by
  the Jeffersonian Republicans
• He came to believe that the Neutrality
  Proclamation did not reflect the American
  peoples wishes
• Thus embarking on non-neutral activity not
  authorized by the French alliance
• Washington demanded Genets withdrawal.

11
XI. Embroilments with Britain

• President Washingtons policy of neutrality was
  sorely tried by the British
• For ten years they maintained a chain of northern
  frontier posts on U.S. soil in defiance of the
  peace treaty of 1783 (see Map 10.1)
• London was reluctant to abandon her lucrative fur
  trade
• London also hoped to build an Indian buffer state
• They openly sold firearms and firewater to the
  Indians of the Miami Confederacy

12
Map 10-1 p191
13
XI. Embroilments with Britain

• Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
• General Mad Anthony Wayne routed the Miamis
• British refused to shelter the Indians fleeing
  the battle the Indians offered Wayne the peace
  pipe
• In the Treaty of Greenville, August 1795, they
  gave up vast tracts of the Old Northwest
• They hoped for recognition of their sovereign
  status. . (They were wrong!)
• The Indians felt it put some limits on the
  ability of the United States to decide the fate
  of Indian peoples. (They were wrong again!)

14
XI. Embroilments with the British

• The British seized 300 American merchant ships,
  impressed scores of seamen into British service
  and threw hundreds into foul dungeons.
• Impressment incensed patriotic Americans
• War with the worlds mightiest commercial empire
  would pierce the heart of the Hamiltonian
  financial system.

15
Jays Treaty and Washingtons Farewell

• Jays Treaty
• Washington decided to send Chief Justice John Jay
  to London in 1794
• In London, Jay routinely kissed the queens hand,
  must to the dismay of the Jeffersonians
• Jay entered the negotiations with weakness, which
  
• was further sabotaged by Hamilton
• Jay won few concessions

16
Jays Treaty and Washingtons Farewell

• British concessions
• They promised to evacuate the chain of posts on
  U.S. soil
• Consented to pay damages for the seizure of
  American ships
• But the British stopped short of pledging
• Anything about future maritime seizures and
  impressments
• Or about supplying arms to the Indians.

17
Jays Treaty and Washingtons Farewell

• Jays unpopular pact
• Energized the newborn Democratic-Republican party
• It was seen as a betrayal of the Jeffersonian
  South
• Even Washingtons huge popularity was compromised
  by the controversy over the treaty.
• BUT
• Fearing an Anglo-American alliance, Spain moved
  to strike a deal with the United States in the
  Pinckneys Treaty of 1795.

18
Jays Treaty and Washingtons Farewell

• Pinckneys Treaty
• Granted the Americans virtually everything they
  wanted from Spain
• Including free navigation of the Mississippi
• The right of deposit (warehouse rights) at New
  Orleans
• The large disputed territory of western Florida

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p193
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XIII. John Adams Becomes President

• John Adams, with the support of New England, won
  with the narrow margin of 71 to 68 votes in the
  Electoral College
• Jefferson, as runner up, became vice-president
• Adams was a man of stern principles, who did his
  duty with stubborn devotion
• He was a tactless and prickly intellectual
  aristocrat
• Had no appeal to the masses
• He was regarded with respectful irritation.

21
Unofficial Fighting with France

• The French were infuriated by Jays Treaty
• Condemned it as the initial step toward an
  alliance with Britain, their perpetual foe
• Assailed it as a flagrant violation of the
  Franco-American Treaty of 1778
• French warships, in retaliation, began to seize
  defenseless American merchant vessels, three
  hundred by mid-1797

22
Unofficial Fighting with France

• Adams tried to reach an agreement with the
  French
• Appointed a diplomatic commission of three men,
  including John Marshall, the future chief justice
• Adams envoy reached Paris in 1797 where they
  hoped to meet with Charles Maurice de Talleyrand,
  the crafty French foreign minister
• They were secretly approached by three
  go-betweens, later referred to as X, Y, and Z
• They demanded a loan of 32 million florins.

23
Unofficial Fighting with France

• Plus a bribe of 250,000 for the privilege of
  merely talking with Talleyrand
• Terms were intolerable and negotiations quickly
  broke down
• John Marshall, on reaching New York in 1798, was
  hailed as a conquering hero for his
  steadfastness.
• The XYZ Affair sent a wave of hysteria sweeping
  through the United States.

24
Unofficial Fighting with France

• War itself
• War was confined to the sea, mainly West Indies
• 2 1/5 years of undeclared hostilities (1798-1800)
• American privateers and men-of-war captured over
  80 armed French vessels
• Several hundred Yankee merchant ships were lost
  to the enemy
• Only a slight push, it seemed, might plunge both
  nations into a full-dress war.

25
Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party

• Embattled France wanted no war
• Talleyrand realized there was no use in fighting
  the United States
• The British were driven closer to their wayward
  cousins
• American envoys found things better when they
  reached Paris early in 1800
• The Corsican Napoleon Bonaparte had recently
  seized dictatorial power
• The Convention of 1800 treaty was signed in
  Paris.

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XV. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party (cont.)

• The Convention of 1800
• France agreed to annul the 22-year-old marriage
  of (in)convenience
• As a kind of alimony the United States agreed to
  pay the damage claims of American shippers
• John Adams deserves immense credit for his
  belated push for peace
• He smoothed the path for the peaceful purchase of
  Louisiana three years later
• His suggestion for his tombstone Here lies John
  Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility
  of peace with France in the year 1800.

27
XVI. The Federalist Witch Hunt

• Federalist actions to muffle the Jeffersonian
  foes
• First, aimed at pro-Jeffersonian aliens
• Raised the residence requirement from 5 years to
  14
• This law violated traditional American policy of
  open-door hospitality and speedy assimilation
• Second, Alien Laws
• President could deport dangerous foreigners in
  time of peace and defensible as a war measure
• This was an arbitrary grant of executive power
  contrary to American tradition/Constitution.
  Never enforced.

28
XVI. The Federalist Witch Hunt(cont.)

• Third, Sedition Actslap at two priceless
  freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution by the
  Bill of Rights
• Freedom of speech and freedom of the press (First
  Amendment)
• This law provided that anyone who impeded the
  policies of the government, or falsely defamed
  its officials, would be liable to a heavy fine
  and imprisonment
• Federalists believe it was justified
• Many outspoken Jeffersonian editors were indicted
  under the Sedition Act and ten were brought to
  trial.
• The Sedition Act seemed to be in direct conflict
  with the Constitution.

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p197
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XVII. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky
(Jefferson) Resolutions

• Jefferson secretly penned a series of
  resolutions
• Approved by the Kentucky legislature in 1798,
  1799
• Madison drafted a similar but less extreme
  statement adopted by the Virginia legislature in
  1798
• Both stressed the compacts theory
• A theory popular among English political
  philosophers
• This concept meant that the thirteen sovereign
  states, in creating the federal government, had
  entered into a compact, or contract, regarding
  its jurisdiction
• The nation was consequently the agent or creation
  of the states.

31
XVII. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky
(Jefferson) Resolutions

• The individual states were the final judges of
  whether their agent had broken the compact by
  overstepping the authority originally granted
• Jeffersons Kentucky resolutions concluded that
  the federal regime had exceeded its
  constitutional powers and that with regard to the
  Alien and Sedition Acts, nullification a
  refusal to accept themwas the rightful remedy.
• No other state legislatures fell into line
• The Federalist states added ringing condemnations
• They argued that the people, not the states, had
  made the original compact, therefore it was up to
  the Supreme Court-not the statesto nullify
  unconstitutional legislation passed by Congress.

32
XVII. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky
(Jefferson) Resolutions

• The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
• Brilliant formulation of the extreme states
  rights view regarding the union
• More sweeping in their implications than their
  authors had intended
• Later used by southerners to support
  nullificationultimately secession
• Neither Jefferson nor Madison had any intention
  of breaking the union they wanted to preserve
  it.

33
Acrimonious Election of 1800

• As the presidential contest of 1800 approached
• Conflicts over domestic politics and foreign
  policy undermined the unity of the Revolutionary
  era
• Could the fragile and battered American ship of
  state founder on the rocks of controversy?
• Why would the United States expect to enjoy a
  happier fate?

34
Federalist Problems leads to.

• In fighting for survival, the Federalists labored
  under heavy handicaps
• Alien and Sedition Acts aroused a host of enemies
• The refusal of Adams to give them a rousing fight
  with France
• Their feverish war preparations had swelled the
  federal debt and required new taxes including a
  stamp tax

35
I. Federalist Mudslinging at Republican

• The Federalists concentrated their fire on
  Jefferson himself
• He became the victim of rumors
• Robbing a widow and her children of a trust fund
• Fathering numerous mulatto children by his slave
  women
• Long intimacy with Sally Hemings.
• A liberal in religion, supported separation of
  church and state in his native Virginia
• He did believe in God, but preachers throughout
  New England thundered against his atheism.

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p205
37

• Jefferson and Adams The end of a friendship

38
Jefferson wins Barely

• Jefferson won by a majority of 73 electoral votes
  to 65 (see Map 11.1)
• Jeffersons victory was dampened by an unexpected
  Democratic- Republican deadlock
• Jefferson, the presidential candidate, and Burr,
  the vice-presidential candidate, received the
  same number of electoral votes for the presidency
• Under the Constitution the tie could be broken
  only by the House of Representatives (see Art.
  II, Sec. I. para. 2)

39
The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800

• It was no revolution in the sense of the word
• Jefferson narrowly squeaked to victory
• What was revolutionary was the peaceful and
  orderly transfer of power despite the acromony
• This was a remarkable achievement for a raw young
  nation
• Jeffersons mission
• to restore the republican experience
• To check the growth of government power
• To halt the decay of virtue

40
Jefferson as the 1st Democratic Republican
President

• At the outset Jefferson was determined to undo
  the Federalist abuses
• The hated Alien and Sedition Acts had expired
• Pardoned the martyrs who were serving sentences
  under the Sedition Act
• and the government remitted many fines
• Jeffersonians enacted the new naturalization law
  of 1802
• It reduced the requirement of 14 years of
  residence back to the requirement of 5 years.

41
Jefferson as the 1st Democratic Republican
President

• Washington lent itself admirably to the
  simplicity and frugality of the Jeffersonian
  Republicans
• Contrasted to the elegant atmosphere of
  Federalist Philadelphia, the former temporary
  capital
• He spurned a horse-drawn coach and strode by foot
  to the Capitol from his boardinghouse
• He extended democratic principles to etiquette
• Established the rule of pell-mell at official
  dinnersthat is, seating without regard to rank.
• He was shockingly unconventional in receiving
  guests
• He started the precedent of sending messages to
  Congress to be read by a clerk

42
Jefferson faces realities office

• Jefferson was forced to reverse many of the
  political principles he had so vigorously
  championed
• One was the scholarly private citizen, who
  philosophized in his study
• The other was the harassed public official
• The open-minded Virginian was therefore
  consistently inconsistent it is easy to quote
  one Jefferson to refute the other.

43
VI. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

• First action of Jefferson was to reduce the
  military establishment
• To a mere police force of 25,000 officers and men
• He wanted to forgo the military and win friends
  through peaceful coercion
• Pirates of the North African Barbary States (see
  Map 11.2) made a national industry of
  blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that
  ventured into the Mediterranean.
• War across the Atlantic was not part of
  Jeffersons vision.

44
VI. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior(cont.)

• The showdown came in 1801-1805, the Tripolitan
  War
• He sent the infant army to the shores of
  Tripoli
• Four years of intermittent fighting
• He succeeded in extorting a treaty of peace from
  Tripoli in 1805 bargain price of 60,000a sum
  representing ransom payment for captured
  Americans
• He advocated a large number of little coastal
  craft
• Also 200 tiny gunboats were constructed

45
VII. The Louisiana Godsend

• 1800 a secret pact was signed
• Napoleon Bonaparte induced the king of Spain to
  cede to France the immense trans-Mississippi
  region of Louisiana, including New Orleans area
• The Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right
  to deposit guaranteed America by Pinckneys
  Treaty of 1795 (see p. 193)
• Hoping to quiet the clamor of the West, Jefferson
  in 1803 sent James Monroe to Paris to join with
  Robert R. Livingstone, the regular minister there

46
VII. The Louisiana Godsend(cont.)

• They were instructed to buy New Orleans and as
  much land as possible for 10 million
• Napoleon suddenly decided to sell all Louisiana
  and abandon his dream of a New World empire
• He failed in his efforts to reconquer the
  sugar-rich island of Santo Domingo (Haiti)
• Rebellious enslaved Africans had struck for their
  freedom in 1791. Their revolt was ultimately
  broken, but the islands second line of
  defensemosquitoes carrying yellow feverhad
  swept away thousands of crack French troops.

47
VII. The Louisiana Godsend(cont.)

• After the Haitian Revolution Santo Domingo could
  not be had, except at a staggering cost, hence
  there was no need for Louisianas food supplies
• To keep Louisiana from the British Napoleon
  decided to sell it to the Americans and pocket
  the money for his schemes nearer to home.
• Robert Livingston was busy negotiating , when the
  French foreign minister asked him what he would
  give for all of Louisiana.

48
VII. The Louisiana Godsend(cont.)

• On April 30, 1803, treaties were signed ceding
  Louisiana to the United States for about 15
  million
• Plus additional treaties for an immeasurable
  tract entirely to the westan area that would
  more than double the size of the United States.
• Once again the two Jeffersons wrestled with each
  other
• The theorist and former strict constructionist
  versus the democratic visionary. Jefferson
  submitted the treaties to the Senate, while
  admitting the purchase unconstitutional.

49
VIII. Louisiana in the Long View

• Louisiana Purchase
• America secured the western half of the richest
  river valley in the world
• And laid the foundation of a future major power
• The transfer established valuable precedents for
  future expansion on the basis of equal membership
• This was imperialism with a new and democratic
  face
• It also contributed to making operational the
  isolationist principles of Washingtons Farewell
  Address.

50
VIII. Louisiana in the Long View(cont.)

• The Lewis and Clarks Corps of Discovery
• 1804 Jefferson sent his personal secretary,
  Meriwether Lewis, and army officer William Clark
  to explore the northern part of the Louisiana
  Purchase
• The exploration took 2 ½ years and yielded a rich
  harvest of scientific observation, maps,
  knowledge of the Indians in the region, and
  hair-raising wilderness adventure stories
• The explorers demonstrated the viability of an
  overland trail to the Pacific

51
VIII. Louisiana in the Long View(cont.)

• Thousands of missionaries, fur-traders, and
  pioneering settlers made their way to claim the
  Oregon Country
• Zebulon M. Pike trekked to the headwaters of the
  Mississippi River in 1805-1806
• The next year Pike ventured into the southern
  portion of Louisiana Territory, where he sighted
  the Colorado peak that bears his name.