WWII

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WWII

• History 12
• Ms Leslie

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Technology

• Items for war had to be produced on a large scale
  quickly
• Nature of war had changed to be air dominated
• Aerial bombing did not slow production -
  Germanys production increased until 1944
• Can only slow production through embargos

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• Airplane and tank more important tool -
  stalemates a thing of the past
• Competition increased to get the fastest and most
  agile with the biggest payload

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• Nature of war different
• WWI - little territory gain
• WWII - Massive territory covered

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Radar and Sonar

• Crucial in the fight of the Battle of Britain and
  the Battle of the Atlantic
• British mathematicians were crucial in breaking
  Enigma codes

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Communications

• Radio used for the first time for mass
  communication
• Used radio to rally the home front
• Propaganda very important - conserve, buy bonds,
  control gossip

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Whos to blame?

1. Allied powers for being spineless and allowing
   appeasement
2. Hitler being overly aggressive
3. WWI and WWII are just the same war. Europe just
   took a break

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German Quick facts

1. After WWI, still far more powerful then
   neighbours
2. Has a growing population
3. Not prepared for a long drawn out war.
4. Hitler was aware of the effects of WWI on Germany
   Social cohesion.
5. Hitler has many enemies social democrats, Jews
   and Roman Catholics

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Blitzkrieg

• Short, intense attacks. Air craft would attack
  first, followed by Panzers
• Short wars less drain on economy
• Allowed German civilian life remain normal until
  1942 when the USSR fights back

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The Polish Campaign

• German commander Gudenrian
• Deploy 40 infantry divisions 14 mechanized
  divisions
• Attack starts Sept 1, 1939.
• Polish airforce is flattened and they have no
  motorized divisions - still had a Calvary

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• With in 1 week, the Nazi army is outside Warsaw.
• Sept 17 USSR invades from the East

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• Sept 18, Polish govt flees into exile.
• Polish troops in Warsaw continue fighting
  bitterly until Sept 28, some units outside the
  city last until Oct 5.
• But it was futile - Poland was no more

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The Phony War

• Sept 1939 - April 1940
• No attack on the Western Front Until Hitlers
  invasion of Norway
• German and French troops hunkered down in the
  Siegfried line or Maginot Line.
• Both waiting for a major push

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Baltic States and the Russo-Finnish War

• Part of the Nazi-Soviet (Molotov-Ribbentrop) pact
• Oct 1939 Soviet troops enter Estonia, Latvia and
  Lithuania. Finland refuses
• Nov 30, USSR starts the Winter War with Finland.

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Winter War

• Soviets only successful in far north
• USSR inadequate and inferior troops
• Difficult terrain
• Bad communications
• Invasion declared illegal by League of Nations
• Feb 1, 1940 Red Army attacks again and Finland
  falls in March and signs the Moscow Peace treaty
  with USSR.

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Beginning of Atlantic War

• U-boats sank 110 vessels in first 4 months
• Both sides laying mines
• Soon the German surface fleet is sunk or in
  retreat - never a significant force

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Towards Scandinavia

• A British destroyer chases the German vessel
  Altmark in to a Norwegian fjord and rescued 300
  British prisoners on board.
• This violation of Norwegian neutrality
  convinced Hitler that the Allies could not be
  trusted to stay out of Scandinavia.

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Scandinavia 1940

• March - French and British navies mine the waters
  and land in Norweigen Ports.
• April 9 Germans land in Oslo, Kristiansand,
  stavanger, Bergen and Trondhelm

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• Norwegian resistance was quickly over come since
  Norwegian forces were not even mobilized and
  local Nazis led by Vidkun Quisling helped the
  invaders.
• Quisling is despised by Norwegians and his name
  becomes a term to describe traitors

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• Allies landed on the coast but it was too little,
  too late.
• Allies continue to fight until May but its
  futile
• Demark in attacked at the same time, complete
  German success came with in hours.

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Holland, Belgium and France

• May 10, 1940 the assault in the west begins
• Germany decides to avoid the Maginot Line by
  going through Belgium.
• They must go through Holland first
• The Dutch have a small, ill trained army, an air
  force of only 130 ish and they loose 50 of it

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• Luftwaffe bombs airfields
• Parachute troops into key locations to secure
  bridges
• The main transportation in Holland is the rivers,
  take those and the Dutch navy is stuck.

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• May 14, German tanks outside of Rotterdam.
• Decide to use the destruction of the city to
  shock politicians in to surrendering
• City is flattened, 30,000 die
• Same day, govt flees to UK and orders troops to
  lay down arms
• Skirmishes end on the 16
• Blitzkrieg takes the country in 4 days

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Belgium and France

• Again paratroopers near bridges in Belgium
• British and French armies slow the advance in the
  North, but German advancement in the South make
  that position difficult to maintain

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• Von Runstedt takes German army through the
  supposedly impassable Ardennes.
• May 12 - over the Meuse River
• Rapid German advance confusion behind French
  lines.

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• Nazi armies able to surround British
  expeditionary Force (BEF)
• Allies cut in half, Germans take Ports
• May 21, Britain strikes back at Dunkirk -
  Successful and shakes up the German high command
• British tanks match Nazi tanks

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• Attempt at Dunkirk fails because Nazis use
  anti-aircraft guns
• May 23rd, Evacuations at Bollogne start, 4,000
  troops at first, another 1,000 later by fishermen
• Britain has suffered worst defeat ever
• Winston Churchill become Prime Minister

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• May 23 - BEF and French forces are split
• BEF near Lille, 40 miles from Dunkirk
• French are further south
• German Panzers are 10 miles from Dunkirk

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• "Nothing but a miracle can save the BEF now,"
  wrote General Brooke in his diary.
• On 23 May, he put the army on half-rations. In
  Britain, 26 May was designated a "Day of National
  Prayer" for the Army
• WWII is about to end in German victory

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But..

• May 24 - Hitler inexplicably halts the attack
  against the BEF
• Might want to be saving his troops to attack
  France
• This event leads to the escape of hundreds of
  thousands of troops

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Evacuation of Dunkirk

• May 25 it starts
• While being pounded from the Luftwaffe, 120,000
  BEF pulled out by May 30th
• Luftwaffe is also dropping leaflets reading
  British soldiers! Look at the map it gives your
  true situation! Your troops are entirely
  surrounded stop fighting! Put down your arms!
• The Allied soldiers mostly used these as toilet
  paper.

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• June 2nd - 224,000 more BEF evacuated and 94,000
  French
• By June 4 it was over - 338,000 troops in Britain
  while their equipment is on the beach
• Dunkirk film part 1, Part 2, Part 3.

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Reasons for success

• RAF and Royal Navy
• 900 fishing vessels and private yachts men
• Waters at Dunkirk are shallow, so battle ships
  cant get close
• Soldiers would wade out into the ocean and wait
  for fishing boats to pick them up and take them
  to the navy ships

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• Showed the solidarity of the British
• Some came as far at the Isle of Man and Glasgow
• Dunkirk spirit
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launc
  h_ani_fall_france_campaign.shtml

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Invasion of France

• June 7 - Rommel heads south
• June 9 - Cross the Seine
• June 10 - French Govt moved to Tours, Italy
  declares war on France
• June 12 - French commander tells Reynaud France
  is beaten
• June 14 - Paris falls, Govt flees to Vichy

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• June 16 - Reynaud resigns and his successor
  Petain asks the Germans for armistice
• June 22 - French surrender happened in the same
  railway coach, at Compiegne, that the 1918
  armistice had been signed in.
• Germany occupied the Northern and Western coasts,
  gaining fine submarine bases, and the French army
  was demobilized.
• Britain is now alone in the fight against
  Germany.

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• There are now effectively 3 Frances
• Nazi occupied France in the North
• Vichy France lead by Petain in the South
• Free France fighting the war lead by de Gaulle

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Why were the Germans successful?

• Maginot Line useless
• France did not use tanks efficiently
• German Panzers and Luftwaffe superior.
• Germans actually had a smaller army but awesome
  leadership
• Allies had out of date ideas - fighting in an
  old-fashioned way.

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French failures

• French high command obsessed with defense
• Ignored experts like Charles de Gaulle that tanks
  should be massed together for rapid movement
• Airpower ignored
• France not ready for was economically and
  psychologically
• France already had a rising fascist movement

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Terms of surrender

• Northern France and ports given to Germany
• French army dissolved
• South France turned into Vichy France -
  collaborates with the Nazis

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Britain's reaction?

• Sinks as much as the French navy as it can so it
  doesnt get handed over to Hitler

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Battle of Britain

• Nazis called it Operation Sea lion
• Refers to the air battle over Britian
• Luftwaffe 2,800 planes RAF 700 and counting
  its like a 31 ratio
• Luftwaffe commanded by Goering who promised to
  wipeout the RAF in 4 days

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• August 12 - aerial attacks on harbours, radar
  stations, aerodromes and munitions factories
• RAF Spitfires have superior maneuverability
• Also have better Radar to detect German fighters
  still over the Channel

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Change in tactics

• Aug 24 a German squadron gets lost and bombs
  London
• Churchill responds by Bombing Berlin
• Hitler wants revenge and focuses bombings on
  London
• Gives the RAF a chances to rest and rebuild - UK
  was running out of pilots..

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The Blitz

• Refers to the aerial bombardment of London
• Sept 7 Luftwaffe bombards London in retaliation
  for an RAF bombing of Berlin
• London bombed for 57 nights in a row
• Blitz lasts from Sept 1940-May 1941
• 127 large night attacks, 71 of which are in London

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• 2 million houses destroyed, 60 are in London
• 60,000 civilians die, 87,000 wounded
• The Queen, a teenager at the time, lives through
  it all
• Battle For Britain Part 1, Part 2, Part 3

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We Can Take it
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RAF advantages

• Parachuted pilots land on home soil
• Luftwaffe can only be in the air 60-90 mins
• Britain had superior radar

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• 1,389 Luftwaffe lost - 792 RAF lost
• Operation Sea lion called off as with out air
  superiority any invasion force would be cut to
  pieces by the Royal Navy

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Results

• Hitler eventually gives up
• First time Hitler fails at conquest!!!
• Prolongs the war - not good for Hitler
• Allies have a European location to springboard
  attacks from

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In Greece

• June 10, 1940 Italy declares war and invaded
  Greece
• Italy could not handle the Greek on its own
• Britain helps out Greece and the Royal Navy sinks
  half the Italian fleet in harbour at Taranto
• In Greece the Italians are pushed back to Albania.

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• April 1941, Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece
  to bail out the Italians
• Push through to Athens and push out the British
  and the Anzac troops
• May 1941, Crete falls to Germany
• 36,000 allied troops die
• Yugoslavia surrenders April 17, Greece April 27

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Operation Barbarossa

• June 1941
• Hitler does not count on the USSR staying out of
  the war.
• He invades on the premise its always been part
  of the plan for the 1,000 year Reich
• Lebensraum
• Wants the Ukraine - Europes Bread Basket
• Defeat communism - this arch-rival

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• Attack a tactical mistake
• 3 pronged toward Leningrad in the North, Moscow
  in the center and Ukraine in the South
• 3.5 million troops are committed with 3,500 tanks
  and 5,000 aircraft

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• USSR caught off guard - silly since Stalin was
  warned - major cities fall quickly
• Leningrad and Moscow remain out of reach as
  Panzers become bogged down in the rain and mud of
  October and the -40 C weather in the winter

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Initial attack

• June 22, 1941 - Hitler violates the
  non-aggression pact with a front line stretching
  from the Baltic to Black seas
• 2000 miles covered by 153 divisions
• In 4 years, 8 million men would do battle here

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• Germany advanced 50 miles in the first day using
  Blitzkrieg.
• Red Army hurting from the purge of Officers and
  lacked leadership
• 2 million became POWs

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Civilian response

• First welcomed Nazis as liberators
• Then realized quickly life under Stalin not so
  bad!
• Stalin implored people to fight for Mother
  Russia

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Scorched earth

• As soviet forces retreated they burned everything
  to the ground
• Villages, food, animals slaughtered, wells
  poisoned
• Same tactic used against Napoleon
• German forces could not feed itself

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Fall 1941

• Nazi forces laid seige on Leningrad, captured
  Kiev and were just outside Moscow
• Lasted 4 months longer then Hitlers anticipated
  8 week invasion
• November it began to rain - Nazis brought to a
  stand still

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War in the Far East

• Hitler had hoped Japan would enter the war
  against Russia
• They attack the USA instead
• On July 26, 1941 Japan made an agreement with
  Vichy France to occupy bases in French Indo-China
• USA responds with an oil embargo on Japan

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• USA also demands Japan pull out of China
• Tojo has become Prime Minister
• He plans to launch an attack on American, the
  Dutch and Britain

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Pearl Harbour

• Dec 7 , 1941
• 353 Japanese planes wreck havoc for 2 hours
• Destroy 350 aircraft, 5 battle ships and kill
  3,700 people
• On the same day Japan attacked the Philippines
  and Hong Kong

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• Japan sank British Naval ships Prince of Wales
  and Repulse as they came to help intervene
• Dec 8 , 1941 USA joins the fight - Something the
  Japanese did not anticipate
• pearl Harbour Film

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• By May 1942, the Japanese had captured Malaya,
  Singapore, Burma, Hong Kong, the Dutch East
  Indies, the Philippines, Guam and Wake Island
• Turning their attention to Australia

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Things looking up for the Allies

• With the USA in the war, any war of attrition
  would eventually go in favour of the allies
• The peak of the Axis power is between the summers
  of 1943 and 42, its all down hill from there

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Battle of the Coral Sea

• May 1942
• Whole battle is aircraft only
• A tie
• Set the stage for the next major battle
• Japan had also lost 2 aircraft carriers

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Battle of Midway

• Turning point in the Pacific War
• June 4-7 1942, Americans counter attack Japanese
  forces
• 5 aircraft carriers and 5,000 soldiers
• They sink 4 Japanese carriers, mostly because Ame
  ricans had broken the code and knew when Japanese
  attacks would happen

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• In the battle of the Pacific, air power is
  crucial. Japanese losses at Midway were huge

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1943 - Pacific

• General Macarthur starts Island Hopping in the
  Solomon Islands, heading towards Japan
• Take strategic Islands from Japan instead of
  every single one
• Mostly taken by air craft

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North Africa

• Why?
• Suez Canal
• Oil - in the middle east

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North Africa

• In Africa, Mussolini has no success, Britain
  pushed Italian troops into Libya, Capturing
  130,000 prisoners and 400 tanks
• Rommel and the German Afrika Korps had to bail
  out the Italians
• North Africa Film

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Tide turns in Africa

• Rommel able to push British out of Lybia
• June 1942 German forces 70 miles from Alexandria,
  Egypt

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• 13 Sept, 1940. Mussolini attacked Egypt.
• Britain retaliates in December
• Feb 1941, General Rommel (desert fox) becomes
  commander of the German Afrika Korps
• Aug 1942, General Montgomery (Monty) in command
  of the British forces in Africa

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El Alamein, Egypt Oct 1942

• Turning point in Africa
• Located about 60 miles from Suez Canal
• Winner would control the Canal and oil
• Suez Canal controled by allies at the time
• Will prove that Hitlers elite forces can be
  beaten

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• Rommels Afrika Korps driven back by Montgomerys
  8th army
• Allied army uses a lot of deception to win
• Radioed wrong locations of attacks
• Built a dummy pipeline
• Made dummy tanks of plywood attached to jeeps in
  the South

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• In the North tanks were disguised to look like
  lorries
• Axis powers laid a half million landmines
• German forces - 80,000 soldiers and 540 tanks
• Allied forced 230,000 and 1,440 tanks
• RAF superior

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• Allies had broken the code to they knew in
  advance German plans
• Axis powers pushed back to Tunisia
• Nov 8, 1942, Allies landed in Morocco and
  Algeria, opening up a front in the west as well -
  Led by General Eisenhower (Ike)

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Operation Torch

• Eisenhower advanced from the west
• Montgomery from the east, Trapping the Germans

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• Rommel had received a "Victory or Death" message
  from Adolph Hitler, halting any withdrawal.
• Rommel able to escape with about 1000 men

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• 275,000 German and Italian troops surrendered and
  an invasion of Italy was made possible.
• Winston Churchill said of this victory "This is
  not the end, this is not the beginning, nor is it
  even the beginning of the end, but it is,
  perhaps, the end of the beginning."
• He also wrote "Before Alamein, we had no victory
  and after it we had no defeats".

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N. Africa Victory results

• Prepared for a liberation of Italy
• Reopened routes to middle east
• Hitler can be defeated!
• First AmericanEuropean action

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Turning Point - Eastern Front

• Winter 1941-42 coldest in 50 years
• Tanks and airplanes frozen - metal so cold it
  cracked
• Germans only had Summer clothing
• Stalin Launched a 100 division counterattack to
  save Moscow
• Hitler regroups and goes north to Leningrad and
  South to Stalingrad

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Battle of Stalingrad

• July 17, 1942 - Feb 2 - 1943
• Why Stalingrad?
• Its called Stalingrad
• Huge Industrial City
• Give Germany a base in USSR
• Huge oil fields in the Caucasus

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• German 6th Army led by General von Paulus with
  330,000 troops
• City destroyed by the end of August
• Luftwaffe dropped incendiary bombs onto wooden
  houses
• But the Russians refused to surrender

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• Red army pushed back to a 3-4 km stretch along
  the Volga River
• Able to supply their troops by barges
• Germans never try to cross the Volga
• The Germans, however, were growing dispirited by
  heavy losses, by fatigue, and by the approach of
  winter

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Operation Uranus

• November 1942
• Red army encircles the remaining 250,000 member
  6th army
• Hitler refuses to allowed Paulus to retreat and
  orders him to stand and fight
• 6th army grows weaker as they start to run out of
  food and are not prepared for winter

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• A German division was sent eastward to rescue the
  6th army, but Paulus was not allowed to fight
  Westward to meet up with them.
• Hitler told them to fight to the death
• promotes Paulus to field marshal (and reminds
  Paulus that no German officer of that rank had
  ever surrendered indicating Hitler expected him
  to commit suicide).

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• Jan 31, 1943 Paulus surrenders, defying Hitler
• Twenty-four generals surrendered with him, and on
  February 2 the last of 91,000 frozen, starving
  men (all that was left of the 6th and 4th armies)
  turned themselves over to the Soviets.
• they no longer respected Hitler.
• Paulus was catholic and therefore would not
  commit suicide

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• Soviets recovered 250,000 German corpses around
  Stalingrad another 550,000 Germans were wounded
  or missing.
• Of the 91,000 Germans captured half would die in
  a march to Siberian prisoner camps only 5-6,000
  made it home. The last of them returned in 1955.
• Paulus was captured, tried and released in 1953.
  He became an outspoken opponent of Hitler and
  served as a witness against the Nazis during the
  War crime tribunals.
• There were probably 1.1 million Red Army soldiers
  that died and 40,000 civilians

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Reasons the 6th Army lost

1. Blitzkrieg only good for long distance
2. Civilians fought back
3. Luftwaffe outnumbered
4. Stalin would not allow retreat
5. Germans never attempted to cross the Volga
6. Hitler did not expect a long fight

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The importance of the Battle

• Hitler Lost some of his best units
• Shattered the myth of German invincibility
• Soviet forces were now superior to Germany
• Hitler denied Caucus Oil fields

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What was the Battle of Stalingrad like?

• Bitter fighting raged for every ruin, street,
  factory, house, basement, and staircase. Even the
  sewers were battle grounds
• Some of the taller buildings, saw floor-by-floor,
  close-quarters combat, with the Germans on one
  level, Soviets on the next, Germans on the next,
  etc., firing at each other through holes in the
  floors.
• A lot of Snipers

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• http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-video/56
  2720/18896/In-the-Battle-of-Stalingrad-the-advanci
  ng-Germans-are-finally

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Time line of important victories in the East

• July 5-15, 1943 - Largest Tank Battle ever at
  Kursk
• Dec 24-26 - Red army Begins offensive in Ukraine
• Jan 6, 1944 - Red Army in Poland
• Jan 27 - Siege in Leningrad broken
• April 1944 - Offensive in Crimea

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• June 9 - Red Army Moves to Finland
• June 22 - Starts massive offensive across Eastern
  Front
• Aug 23 - Romania Surrenders to Allies
• Oct 20 - 1944 - Belgrade falls to Soviets
• March 1945 - Soviets take Danzig
• April 16 1945 - attacked Berlin

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The Battle of the Atlantic

• Refers to Britain trying to keep shipping lanes
  open
• German U-boats hunted in Wolf Packs
• 1940 Italian fleet crippled
• May 1941 - Bismark sunk - last German surface
  raider
• German transports to Crete lost that same month

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U-boats

• Advancements in U-boats gave Germans the edge at
  sea
• Able to dive deeper
• Have a sound-absorbing rubber coating
• Have a chemical bubble making decoy

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Allied advantage over U-boats

• Sonar can find them underwater really well -
  forces U-boats to stay on the surface
• Broke the Enigma code
• USA send more destroyers to Britain

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The U-boat threat

• Start of 1942 only 90 U-boats with another 250
  under construction
• 1942 - allied ships sinking faster then they
  could be built
• Able to sink 4 million tonnes of shippage while
  only loosing 21 U-boats
• A U-boat was sunk in the St. Laurence
• Spotted off the coast of Vancouver Island - Radar
  Hill

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• Spring 1942 - in 20 days U-boats sank 107 Allies
  ships
• How to reverse this trend?

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1. Radar and Long rage surveillance planes
2. Convoys - Freighters arranged in groups up to 50
   protected by battleships

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• By July 1943, the Allies could produce ships at a
  faster rate then the U-boats could sink them.
• June - August - 79 U-boats sunk - mostly by
  aircraft
• Thanks to additional warships following Americas
  entry into the war.
• U-boats no longer a threat.

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War in the Air

• In the Pacific bombers paved the way for Marines
  in the island hopping campaign
• American Planes kept the transport of goods to
  Allied troops
• Paratroopers essential in getting behind enemy
  lines

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Fire Storms

• After defeat in Russia, Germany could no longer
  bomb European cities.
• The allies continued to bomb cities.
• The Ruhr, Cologne, Hamberg and Berlin

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What is a Firestorm?

• It is achieved by dropping incendiary bombs,
  filled with highly combustible chemicals such as
  magnesium, phosphorus or petroleum jelly
  (napalm), in clusters over a specific target.
• After the area caught fire, the air above the
  bombed area, becomes extremely hot and rose
  rapidly.
• Cold air then rushed in at ground level from the
  outside and people were sucked into the fire.

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Dresden

• Feb 13, 1945
• 40,000 people killed in 1 nights bombing
• Had not been attacked yet
• Has no anti-aircraft guns
• 650,000 people in the city, mostly refugees from
  advancing Red Army

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• Another fire storm in Tokyo in March 1945 killed
  80,000 and destroyed 1/4 of the city

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• Despite massive destruction to German cities,
  Production did not falter until October 1944.
• Krupp Munitions factories permanently out of
  action
• June 1945, Japanese production destroyed

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Italian Campaign

• Allies recognize to attack the weakest first
• Invade Sicily in July, 9, 1943 successfully
• Little resistance from Italians, mostly fronNazis
• Now can advance to the mainland

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• Sept 8, Mussolini is dismissed by the King and
  flees North
• Replaced by Badoglio who dissolved the Fascist
  party in 2 days and declares war on Nazi Germany
• Italy Film

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• Sept 9, 1943 Allies land in Salerno and Taranto.
• Some of the toughest fighting of the war
• Take Rome June 4, 1944

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• October 1943, Allies capture Naples and Badoglio
  signed an armistice
• German troops in Italy continued to fight
• Germany sends troops into Northern Italy
• Hitler instates Mussolini as leader in the North

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• Allied victory in April 1945
• Mussolini tried to escape to Spain by dressing in
  a German uniform and traveling with the
  retreating German army

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• He and his mistress are captured by Italian
  Communists and executed
• After being shot, kicked, and spat upon, the
  bodies were hung upside down on meat hooks from
  the roof of a gas station.
• The bodies were then stoned by civilians from
  below
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYFSsRTDACCofeature
  PlayListp4BE0F61FE4A8E015

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France

• Allies were reluctant to open up an Western front
  after Dieppe
• an Allied attack on the German-occupied port of
  Dieppe on the northern coast of France on 19
  August 1942.
• The assault began at 500 AM in the morning and
  by 900 AM the Allied commanders had been forced
  to call a retreat.
• 3,623 of the 6,086 men who made it ashore were
  either killed, wounded, or captured.

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June 6 - 1944 D-DAY

• Called D-Day, Operation Overlord, Opening the
  Second Front, Normandy Invasion/Landings, and
  The Longest Day.
• the Normandy landings began along a 60 mile
  stretch of the Normandy coast between Charbourg
  and Le Havre.

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• Headed by Eisenhower
• Attack force of 3 million men
• New engineering marvels like the mulberry
  harbor's (artificial harbours) and PLUTO
  (pipeline under the ocean) helped the men land
  and remain well supplied.

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• Americans to take Beaches Utah and Omaha
• British Gold and Sword
• Canada got Juno

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• Paris is Liberated Aug 25
• Brussels and Antwerp liberated in Sept
• Allies hoped to end the war by Christmas

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Liberating Holland

• Operation Market Garden
• A huge allied set back
• Paratroopers landed on the wrong bridges
• 3 airbourne divisions were dropped behind enemy
  lines and why were cut to pieces by germans

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Battle of the Bulge

• Allied weakspot in the Ardennes forest
• 200,000 Germans against 80,000 Allies
• Hitler risks everything that Dec.
• Nazis loose 600 tanks and 100,000 soldiers (out
  of 500,000)
• Hitler knows if he doesnt win here the war is
  lost
• Battle of the Bulge Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.

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• Fighting over the Ardennes
• American, UK and Canadian troops involved
• 600,000 Allies all together
• Germans had some success at beginning
• But American and UK troops came stopped them of
  Christmas day
• By Jan 16 Nazi army in retreat
• Last large scale attack by Hitler

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• After the Bulge, Nazis are desperate
• Release their revenge weapons
• V-1 Bombs - First Cruise missiles - Unmanned
  flying bombs
• V-2s - Ballistic missiles that flew at super
  sonic speeds targeted London

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• Through Feb Allies continue to advance
• Patton leads his army to Colbenz by March
• Montgomery crosses the Rhine on March 23-24 after
  an attack from Germany
• Germans preferred to allow Western allies to
  advance rather then wait for the Soviets to
  occupy them

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The Eastern Front

• Has the most battles, the most losses
• After Loosing Kursk and D-day German forces could
  not hold back the Red Army
• Aug 1944, Romania changes sides and joins the
  allies
• This opens up an attack route through the south

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• Oct 20, Belgrade, Serbia, Falls to Titos
  Partisans. Tito was the leader of the Yugoslavia
  resistance. Hes a commie, becomes prime
  minister for 35 years
• Nov 4 Red army in Budapest, Hungary
• Finland Surrenders in Sept
• Jan 17 - USSR takes Poland

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• April 25 - Berlin encircled
• Soviet and American troops shake hands at Elbe
  River

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Death of Hitler

• Hiding in his Führerbunker. (now a parking lot)
• By Mid-April 1945, Goring and Himmler have
  deserted
• Midnight April 28 Hitler married his Ling time
  girlfriend Ava Braun
• April 29 Red Army 1 mile from Führerbunker.
  Hitler hears about Mussolinis fate

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• Tests a cyanide capsule on his favorite dog,
  Blondi.
• April 30 - noon- Red Army 1 block away, Has his
  last meal
• Around 2 pm he and his wife say their good byes
  and retreat to their room. They both take
  cyanide pills and Hitler shoots himself in the
  head

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• After his death everyone in the bunker started
  smoking, a practice Hitler for forbade.
• Goebbels has the bodies moved outside and doused
  with gasoline and set on fire
• The bodies are burned for 3 hours and hastily
  buried in a shell crater

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• May 1 - Goebbels and His wife poison their 6
  young children
• They then go up to the garden and have an SS
  officer shoot them in the back of the head.
• Their bodies were only partially burned.

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• May 2 - Soviets find Hitler and Ava and his 2
  dogs.
• Since the bodies were in the soviets possession
  they have since been lost and no one knows what
  happened to Hitlers body for sure

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• Hitler is succeeded by Admiral Doenitz who does
  not care to fight on
• Before he surrenders hes able to save 55 of
  Berlins troops and civilians by moving them to
  Western ally occupied areas instead of towards
  the soviets
• Midnight May 8, 1945 the European War ends

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The Pacific Victory

• The allies has 2 choices, north through the
  Aleutians or south through Micronesia.
• First allies take the Solomon Islands and the
  Bismark Archipelago
• Continue through the Philippines.
• Japanese resistance is futile as the allies fire
  power is superior.

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Battle of Leyte Gulf

• Oct 1944
• Largest Naval battle in History
• Needed to take the Philippines
• Kamikaze pilots introduced
• Means divine wind
• Japanese lose 1/2 their fleet, including 4 air
  craft carriers

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• Kamikaze attacks cause a great deal of damage.
• Cause allied high command to worry about the kind
  of resistance they would meet in a land invasion
  of Japan
• Feb 1945 -The Fight for Iwo Jima showed the
  Japanese fighting spirit. Of the 18,000 Japanese
  soldiers only 216 survive

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• June 1945 - In the assault on Okinawa, 355
  kamikaze raids. 5,000 Americans die
• Worlds largest Battleship the Yamato is sent
  on a suicide mission it only had enough fuel for
  a 1 way trip it is sunk on April 7 _ Americans
  fighting an enemy that would rather die then
  surrender
• Rangoon (Burma) is Liberated on May 1, 1945

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• March 1945 - start fire bombing Tokyo
• Throughout July 1945, Japanese mainland is
  heavily bombed
• 67 cities fire-bombed
• Hirohito is given an ultimatum to surrender at
  the Potsdam conference but he refuses

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The Manhattan Project

• 1942-45 the Americans are working on an atomic
  bomb with American, British, Canadian and Danish
  scientists
• Fear Germany is also working on an atomic bomb
• Employed 130,000 people and costs 2 billion

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• 3 bombs were made in the Project
• One was tested during the Potsdam conference at
  Los Alamos, New Mexico - it exceeded everyone's
  expectations
• Truman no longer had to be nice to Stalin to gain
  his support in the Pacific

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Bombing of Hiroshima

• August 6, 1945.
• A modern city with concrete structures
• The bomb was called little boy
• Killed 140,000 80,000 of which died immediately
• Missed its target of a bridge and hit a medical
  clinic

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• Detonated 600 m in the air more damage
• Total destruction for 1.6 km square with fires
  for 11 km square
• Americans had warned other civilians in the past
  of bombings with leaflets, but Hiroshima was not
  warned.
• FYI - Aug 8, USSR declare war on Japan

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Nagasaki

• Aug 9, 1945
• Large sea-port, mostly wooden structures
• The bomb was called fat man
• Killed 80,000 many were refugees from Hiroshima
• Detonated 450 m in the air, heat blast of over
  3,900 degrees C and winds of more than 1,000
  km/hour

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• 1520 died from injuries or the combined effects
  of flash burns, trauma, and radiation burns,
  compounded by illness, malnutrition and radiation
  sickness.
• August 10 Japan surrenders.
• Sept 2 WWII officially comes to an end

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Was it necessary?

• Truman says he was trying to save allied lives by
  preventing a land invasion
• Was told 1-1.5 million Americans could die in
  combat in the next 12-18 months
• In July Japan as already talking peace with
  Russia
• A lot of destruction with the firestorms

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Why did the axis powers lose?

• Shortage of key materials
• Allies built more planes and Aircraft carriers
• Axis powers took on too much
• There are soooooo many Russians
• Axis powers did not learn from mistakes

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Effects of the war

• 30 million killed - half from Russia
• 21 million displaced
• No peace treaties like after WWI - occupied
  instead
• Welfare systems set up
• Nuclear weapons
• New world powers - USA and USSR

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• Cold War starts almost right away
• United Nations replaces the League.
• End )