Cognitivism ???? ????? ?????? Cognitive Theories Cognitivism is a study of how learning occurs from a change in mental state.

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Cognitivism???? ????? ?????? Cognitive
TheoriesCognitivism is a study of how
learning occurs from a change in mental state.
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• ????????
• Objective, systematic observations of people's
  behavior should be the focus of scientific
  inquiry,
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• focuses on an unobservable change in mental
  knowledge.
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• Some learning processes may be unique to human
  beings.

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• learning cannot be described in terms of a change
  in behavior.
• Individuals are actively involved in the learning
  process.
• Learning involves the formation of menatal
  assocaitions that are not necessarily reflected
  in overt behavior changes.

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• Knowledge is organized.
• Learning process of relating new information to
  previously learned innformation.
• Perception- fantasy- problem solving- thinking

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• Tolman
• Learning can occur without reinforcement.
• Intervening variables must be considered.
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• Behavior is purposive.
• Expectations affect behavior.
• Learning results in an organized body of
  information.

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• input information
• information is filterd by the individual and
  short-term memory begins processing.

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• the learner makes a decision to "work" with a
  particular piece of information, continuing to
  process the information.
• how the information is important??????
  organized and stored for later retrieval.

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• an instructor can produce learning by
  transferring information to the learner and
  helping them to organize it in such a way that
  they are able to recall it later.

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• Marx Wertheimer - Wolfgang Kohler - Kurt Koffka
  
• Perception is often different from reality.
• The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
• The organism structures and organizes experience.

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• The organism in predisposed to organize
  experience in particular ways.
• Problem solving involves restructuring and
  insight

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• Good Gestaltsimilarity regularitystability

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• Insight Learning )Kohler(
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• Solving problems by understanding
• insight learning, the "aha!" solutions to
  problems

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• Gestalt Theory
• individuals use insight their prior experiences
  to determine their responses to stimuli.

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?????? ??????? ??????laws of Gestalt theory

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• Similarity
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• Proximity
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• Closure
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• Good Continuation

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• Cognitive processes influence learning.
• As children grow, they become capable of
  increasingly more sophisticated thought.
• People organize the things they learn.
• New information is most easily acquired when
  people can associate it with things they have
  already learned.
• People control their own learning

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How Do People Learn? Piaget's Development Theory

• Jean Piaget
• mental events - logical reasoning processes and
  the structure of knowledge.
• language, logical reasoning, moral judgements,
  conceptions of time, space, and number.

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• Simple reflexes--------------------- complex
  cognitive activities

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Piaget

• People are active processors of information.
• Knowledge can be described in terms of structures
  that change with development.

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Piaget

• Cognitive development results from the
  interactionns that children have with their
  physical and social environments.
• The process through which people interact with
  the environment remain constant.

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Piaget

• People are intrinsically motivated to try to make
  sense of the world around them.
• Cognitive development occurs in distinct stages,

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Piaget

• Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years old)
• physical interaction with environment,
• a child does not know that physical objects
  remain in existence even when out of sight
  (object permanance).

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Piaget

• Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)-
• -The child is not yet able to conceptualize
  abstractly and needs concrete physical
  situations.
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Piaget

• Concrete operations (ages 7-11)-
• logical structures
• Abstract problem solving
• For example, arithmetic equations can be solved
  with numbers, not just with objects.
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Piaget

• Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15)
• conceptual reasoning.
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• Curriculum-
• must plan a developmentally appropriate
  curriculum that enhances their students' logical
  and conceptual growth.
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• Instruction--
• interactions with the surrounding
  environment--play in student learning.
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• the permanence of objects
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Learning Styles??? ??? ???????

• should not ask, "Is this person smart?
• should ask "How is this person smart?

• Concrete and abstract perceivers
• Active and reflective processors

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• Concrete perceivers
• doing, acting, sensing, and feeling.
• abstract perceivers
• through analysis, observation, and thinking.
• Active processors
• make sense of an experience by immediately using
  the new information
• Reflective processors ----
• make sense of an experience by reflecting on and
  thinking about it.

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• Traditional schooling tends to favor abstract
  perceiving and reflective processing.
• Other kinds of learning aren't rewarded and
  reflected in curriculum, instruction, and
  assessment nearly as much.

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• Curriculum-
• -Educators must place emphasis on intuition,
  feeling, sensing, and imagination, in addition to
  the traditional skills of analysis, reason, and
  sequential problem solving.

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• Instruction
• various combinations of experience, reflection,
  conceptualization, and experimentation.
  Instructors can introduce a wide variety of
  experiential elements into the classroom, such as
  sound, music, visuals, movement, experience, and
  even talking.

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• Assessment-
• -Teachers should employ a variety of assessment
  techniques, focusing on the development of "whole
  brain" capacity and each of the different
  learning styles.