Unit 4: Africa

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Unit 4 Africa

• SS7H1abc

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Standard

• SS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and
  change in Africa leading to the 21st century.
• a. Explain how the European partitioning across
  Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and
  artificial political boundaries.
• b. Explain how nationalism led to independence
  in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria.
• c. Explain the creation and end of apartheid in
  South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and
  F.W.de Klerk.
• d. Explain the impact of the Pan-African
  movement.

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Part 1 EQ

• How did European partitioning of Africa
  contribute to conflict, civil war, and
  artificialpolitical boundaries?

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WHAT DO YOU THINK THE ARTIST IS TRYING TO
COMMUNICATE IN THIS POLITICAL CARTOON?
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a. Explain how the European partitioning across
Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and
artificial political boundaries.

• The 1884-85 Berlin Conference was conducted, and
  European powers (Great Britain, France, Spain,
  Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and Italy) agreed to
  divide the continent into European governed
  colonies.
• This division was disastrous as the new boundary
  lines divided ethnic groups and in most cases
  forced rival ethnic groups to live together.
• The Europeans wanted the natural resources to
  fuel the Industrial Revolution. As they made
  products, they then forced African colonies to
  buy them for much more than they received for
  their resources.

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IN 1878, MUCH OF AFRICA WAS NOT COLONIZED BY
EUROPE
BUT BY 1885, OVER 90 OF AFRICA WOULD BE UNDER
THE CONTROL OF EUROPEAN EMPIRES, PARTICULARLY THE
BRITISH AND THE FRENCH
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(No Transcript)
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vOJe1W_HIWmAfeature
related
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The 5 Ws of European Influence in Africa
WHAT (REASONS FOR COLONIZATION)
WHEN (DEVELOPMENT)
WHO (EUROPEAN EMPIRES)
WHERE (AREAS OF INTEREST)
WHY (REASONS FOR PARTITIONING)
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The 5 Ws of European Influence in Africa

• WHAT
• (REASONS FOR COLONIZATION)
• Natural Resources
• Slave or Cheap Labor
• New Markets for Europe
• Suez Canal Trade Route
• Spread of European Culture
• Christian Missionaries

WHEN (DEVELOPMENT) 1652 Dutch Colony in South
Africa 1806 Britain control South Africa and
parts of West Africa 1848 French
colonize North Africa 1867 King Leopold II of
Belgium colonizes central
Africa 1884 Berlin Conference 1899 Boer War
between Dutch settlers and British
military

• WHO
• (EUROPEAN EMPIRES)
• GREAT BRITAIN
• FRANCE
• BELGIUM
• GERMANY
• ITALY
• SPAIN
• PORTUGAL

• WHERE
• (AREAS OF INTEREST)
• Over 90 of Africa came under European control
  after the Berlin Conference, but the only
  territories that were not colonized by the
  European empires were Liberia and Ethiopia.

• WHY
• (PARTITIONING of AFRICA)
• Reacting to the Scramble or Race for Africa
  leaders of European empires met in Berlin,
  Germany to resolve potential conflicts between
  European empires over the control of African
  colonies. They divided up the land and created
  new boundary lines without any input by the
  people of Africa.

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The Negatives of Colonialism

• Rival ethnic groups forced to live together
  causing conflicts and wars.
• Lost many resources without equal return.
• Lost their freedom to govern themselves.
• Africans were forced to work on plantations and
  in mines for very little money.

Children as young as 10 are recruited for civil
wars in Africa
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v55SBoDT02VMfeature
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The Positives of Colonialism

• Improved roads and railroads
• Improved medical centers
• Improved schools
• Improved economies jobs and technology
• Democracies allow freedom for many people (except
  in countries where corruption leads to
  dictatorships)

Hospitals in South Africa are heavily burdened by
HIV- infected childrena leading health issue in
Africa.
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Impact of Colonial rule in Africa

• POSITIVE IMPACT
• Schools and hospitals were built
• Improved health care
• Roads and railroads were built
• New governments and democracy
• Improved economies / New technologies
• End of Slavery

• NEGATIVE IMPACT
• Slavery
• Wars and Riots
• Starvation and Poverty
• Disease
• Forced Cheap Labor
• Loss of Land and Power
• New boundaries separated families and tribes
• Civil Wars between ethnic groups

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Conflicts in Africa because of artificial
political boundaries created by Europeans during
the Berlin Conference of 1884-85

• Conflict between native Africans and Europeans
  during colonization
• Conflict between ethnic groups
• Conflict over who should have political power
  AFTER Africans gained independence from Europe

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Genocide in Rwanda

• Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000
  Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days.
• Most of the dead were Tutsis - and most of those
  who perpetrated the violence were Hutus.
• The genocide was sparked by the death of the
  Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu,
  when his plane was shot down above Kigali airport
  on 6 April 1994.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?voLLlU7dZQNofeature
related
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• The Belgians considered the Tutsis to be superior
  to the Hutus. Not surprisingly, the Tutsis
  welcomed this idea, and for the next 20 years
  they enjoyed better jobs and educational
  opportunities than their neighbors.
• When Belgium relinquished power and granted
  Rwanda independence in 1962, the Hutus took their
  place.
• The economic situation worsened and the incumbent
  president, Juvenal Habyarimana, began losing
  popularity.
• At the same time, Tutsi refugees in Uganda -
  supported by some moderate Hutus - were forming
  the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), led by Mr
  Kagame.
• Their aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and secure
  their right to return to their homeland.

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• After the presidents death, the presidential
  guard immediately initiated a campaign of
  retribution. Leaders of the political opposition
  were murdered, and almost immediately, the
  slaughter of Tutsis and moderate Hutus began.
• Within hours, recruits were dispatched all over
  the country to carry out a wave of slaughter.
• Soldiers and police officers encouraged ordinary
  citizens to take part. In some cases, Hutu
  civilians were forced to murder their Tutsi
  neighbors by military personnel.
• The UN, the world's largest peacekeeping force,
  was UNABLE to end the fighting.

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http//www.unitedhumanrights.org/Genocide/genocide
_in_rwanda.htm
http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/12882
30.stm
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Conflict in Darfur

• Darfur is a region in Sudan the size of France.
  It is home to about 6 million people from nearly
  100 tribes. Some nomads. Some farmers. All
  Muslims.
• In 1989, General Omar Bashir took control of
  Sudan by military coup, which then allowed The
  National Islamic Front government to inflame
  regional tensions.
• In a struggle for political control of the area,
  weapons poured into Darfur. Conflicts increased
  between African farmers and many nomadic Arab
  tribes.
• In 2003, two Darfuri rebel movements- the Sudan
  Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and
  Equality Movement (JEM)- took up arms against the
  Sudanese government.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vUSLDoIiFzzgfeature
related
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• The government of Sudan responded by unleashing
  Arab militias known as Janjaweed, or devils on
  horseback. Sudanese forces and Janjaweed militia
  attacked hundreds of villages throughout Darfur.
  Over 400 villages were completely destroyed and
  millions of civilians were forced to flee their
  homes.
• African farmers and others in Darfur are being
  systematically displaced and murdered. The
  genocide in Darfur has claimed 400,000 lives and
  displaced over 2,500,000 people. More than one
  hundred people continue to die each day five
  thousand die every month..
• On March 4, 2009 Sudanese President Omar al
  Bashir, became the first sitting president to be
  indicted for directing a campaign of mass
  killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in
  Darfur. The government of Sudan has not
  surrendered him..
• Darfuris continues to suffer and the innumerable
  problems facing Sudan cannot be resolved until
  peace is secured in Darfur. According to UN
  estimates, 2.7 million Darfuris remain in
  internally displaced persons camps and over 4.7
  million Darfuris rely on humanitarian aid.
  Resolving the Darfur conflict is critical not
  just for the people of Darfur, but also for the
  future of Sudan and the stability of the entire
  region.

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http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_conflict
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FROM 1910 to 1988 DIFFERENT COLONIES IN AFRICA
GAINED THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM
EUROPEAN EMPIRES. THESE ARE KNOWN
AS NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS.
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How did nationalism lead to independence in South
Africa, Kenya and Nigeria?
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South Africa

• South Africa was originally settled by the Dutch
  who had little to do with the native Africans
  except to consider them as servants or working
  people. When the British took over in the early
  1800s, the Dutch moved into land occupied by the
  Zulu tribe.
• Britain soon discovered rich deposits of gold and
  diamonds in South Africa.
• Because the British considered the native
  Africans second-class citizens, the Africans
  founded the African Nation Congress (ANC) to work
  for equal treatment of the nonwhite population.
• South Africa set up a strict system of separation
  of the races called the apartheid system. The ANC
  worked for many years to end this system,
  eventually getting international help through the
  use of embargos. By 1985, the embargos and
  continuing resistance led by African National
  Congress and the Pan African Congress forced
  South African government to begin making changes.
• Apartheid began to come apart and in 1994 South
  Africa held its first multiracial election and
  chose Nelson Mandela as the countrys first black
  president.

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Nigeria

• Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960,
  and most people expected the new state to be
  stable and calm. Within months, however, war
  broke out between the Christian south and the
  Muslim north.
• The religious war left many thousands dead or
  injured. The country tried to reorganize as 12
  different regions, even the oil-rich province in
  the eastern part of the country declared itself
  to be the independent State of Biafra.
• Military coups and outbreaks of violence marked
  the years that followed. Elections were held in
  1999 that seemed more free and open than what had
  gone before, but the government still remains
  unstable.
• Nigeria has the potential to have great wealth
  from their oil supplies. However, because of
  corruption in the government this resource has
  not been developed. As a result, Nigeria must
  rely on foreign aid and foreign supplies for
  their people.

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Kenya

• Kenya became independent of British rule in 1964,
  under the leadership of Joseph Kenyatta, a leader
  of the Kenyan National African Union (KNAU).
• While Kenya was glad to be free of British rule,
  the government was not open or free. Under
  Kenyatta and his successor, Daniel arap Moi, the
  KNAU ran almost unopposed in every national
  election until the 1990s.
• At that time, the international community told
  Moi that unless Kenya improved their civil rights
  record, economic assistance from abroad would be
  cut off.
• There has been some improvement in the political
  rights of Kenyas people, but more is needed.
  The country remains a multi-party state on the
  books, but the reality is that the KNAU still
  controls much of the government.

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• Speech at the Kenya African Union
• July 26, 1952
• ... I want you to know the purpose of the Kenya
  African Union. It is the biggest purpose the
  African has. It involves every African in Kenya
  and it is their mouthpiece which asks for
  freedom. K.A.U. is you and you are the K.A.U.
• True democracy has no colour distinction. It
  does not choose between black and white. We are
  here in this tremendous gathering under the
  K.A.U. flag to find which road leads us from
  darkness into democracy. In order to find it we
  Africans must first achieve the right to elect
  our own representatives.
• - Jomo Kenyatta

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c. Explain the creation and end of apartheid in
South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and
F.W.de Klerk.

• What is Apartheid?
• The term apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for
  "apartness") was coined in the 1930s and used as
  a political slogan of the National Party in the
  early 1940s, but the policy itself extends back
  to the beginning of white settlers (the Dutch) in
  South Africa in 1652.
• After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came
  to power in 1948, apartheid was implemented under
  law.

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How did the new government enforce this new
policy?

• The implementation of the policy, later referred
  to as "separate development," was made possible
  by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which
  put all South Africans into three racial
  categories Bantu (black African), White, or
  Colored (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian
  (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

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Afrikaner Nationalists policies

• The system of apartheid was enforced by a series
  of laws passed in the 1950s the Group Areas Act
  of 1950 assigned races to different residential
  and business sections in urban areas
• The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 restricted
  nonwhite residence to specific areas. These laws
  further restricted the already limited right of
  black Africans to own land, entrenching the white
  minority's control of over 80 percent of South
  African land.
• Other laws prohibited most social interaction
  between the races enforced the segregation of
  public facilities, including educational created
  race-specific jobs limited the powers of
  nonwhite unions and minimized nonwhite
  participation in government.

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More Restrictions!!!

• The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 and the
  Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959
  furthered these divisions between the races by
  creating ten African "homelands to be
  self-governed by the various tribes.
• The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 made
  every black South African a citizen of one of the
  homelands which eliminated black Africans from
  South African politics.

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A Black South African shows his passbook issued
by the Government. Blacks were required to carry
passes that determined where they could live and
work.
A girl looking through a window of her shack in
Cross Roads, 1978.
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Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg,
1985.
Young, black South Africans looking in on a game
of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg.
Government spending, about 10 times more for
white children than for black, clearly showed the
inequality designed to give whites more economic
and political power. Poorly trained teachers,
overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate
recreational facilities were normal for black
children, if in fact they had any schooling
available at all.
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More signs of Apartheid
Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988.
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A number of black political groups, often
supported by sympathetic whites, opposed
apartheid using a variety of tactics, including
violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage -
strategies that often met with severe
consequences from the government.
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Grave of the young Black leader, Steve Biko, in
King Williams Town, South Africa. Biko died while
in prison in 1977. During the investigation into
his death, strong evidence was presented that
Biko suffered violent and inhumane treatment
during his imprisonment.
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Key word is selective

• Apartheid was also denounced by the international
  community in 1961 South Africa was forced to
  withdraw from the British Commonwealth by member
  countries who were critical of the apartheid
  system, and in 1985 the governments of the United
  States and Great Britain imposed selective
  economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of
  its racial policy.

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Reform!!!

• As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and
  outside of South Africa, the South African
  government, led by President F. W. de Klerk,
  began to dismantle the apartheid system in the
  early 1990s.
• The year 1990 brought a National Party government
  dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization
  of formerly banned black congresses (including
  the ANCAfrican National Congress) and the
  release of imprisoned black leaders.
• In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten
  and free general elections were held for the
  first time in its history, and with Nelson
  Mandela's election as South Africa's first black
  president, the last remnants of the apartheid
  system were finally outlawed.

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What role did these men play in ending apartheid
in South Africa?
NELSON MANDELA
F.W. de KLERK
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Nelson Mandela F. W. de Klerk

• Throughout the years of Apartheid, two groups
  were working to end this South African regime
  the African National Congress led by Nelson
  Mandela, and the Pan African Congress.
• Riots and fighting took place constantly, and
  Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison
  for his work against the regime.
• Eventually, the South African government had to
  admit that their policy of apartheid had no place
  in the modern world.
• In 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk
  agreed to allow the ANC to operate as a legal
  party and he released Nelson Mandela from prison
  after he had served 27 years in prison.
• de Klerk also began to repeal the apartheid laws.
  

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The numbers dont lie . . .
Blacks
Whites
Population Land allocation Share of national
income Minimum taxable income Doctors/population I
nfant mortality rate Annual expenditure on
education per student Teacher/student ratio
19 million 4.5 million 13
87 lt20 75 360 rands 750
rands 1/44,000 1/400 20-40
2.7 45 696 1/60
1/22
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d. Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement.

• The Pan-African movement began as a reaction to
  the terrible experiences of colonial rule and the
  desire for people of African descent, no matter
  where they lived in the world, to think of Africa
  as a homeland.
• The first people to support the idea of
  Pan-Africans were Africans who were living in
  other parts of the world. They felt all Africans.
  No matter where they lived, shared a bond with
  each other. They also called for Africans all
  over the continent to think of themselves as one
  people and to work for the betterment of all.
• They wanted to end European control of the
  continent and to make Africa a homeland for all
  people of African descent.
• While the peaceful unification of Africa has
  never taken place, the Pan-African movement can
  take a lot of credit for sparking independence
  movements that left nearly all African nations
  free of colonial rule by the 1980s.